Teachers in secondary education, male (number)

Total number of male teachers in public and private secondary education institutions (ISCED 2 and 3). Teachers are persons employed full time or part time in an official capacity to guide and direct the learning experience of pupils and students, irrespective of their qualifications or the delivery mechanism, i.e. face-to-face and/or at a distance. This definition excludes educational personnel who have no active teaching duties (e.g. headmasters, headmistresses or principals who do not teach) and persons who work occasionally or in a voluntary capacity in educational institutions. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Teachers in upper secondary education, both sexes (number)

Total number of teachers in public and private upper secondary education institutions (ISCED 3). Teachers are persons employed full time or part time in an official capacity to guide and direct the learning experience of pupils and students, irrespective of their qualifications or the delivery mechanism, i.e. face-to-face and/or at a distance. This definition excludes educational personnel who have no active teaching duties (e.g. headmasters, headmistresses or principals who do not teach) and persons who work occasionally or in a voluntary capacity in educational institutions.


Teachers in upper secondary education, female (number)

Total number of female teachers in public and private upper secondary education institutions (ISCED 3). Teachers are persons employed full time or part time in an official capacity to guide and direct the learning experience of pupils and students, irrespective of their qualifications or the delivery mechanism, i.e. face-to-face and/or at a distance. This definition excludes educational personnel who have no active teaching duties (e.g. headmasters, headmistresses or principals who do not teach) and persons who work occasionally or in a voluntary capacity in educational institutions.


Teachers in upper secondary education, male (number)

Total number of male teachers in public and private upper secondary education institutions (ISCED 3). Teachers are persons employed full time or part time in an official capacity to guide and direct the learning experience of pupils and students, irrespective of their qualifications or the delivery mechanism, i.e. face-to-face and/or at a distance. This definition excludes educational personnel who have no active teaching duties (e.g. headmasters, headmistresses or principals who do not teach) and persons who work occasionally or in a voluntary capacity in educational institutions. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Teachers in post-secondary non-tertiary education, both sexes (number)

Total number of teachers in public and private post-secondary non-tertiary education institutions (ISCED 4). Teachers are persons employed full time or part time in an official capacity to guide and direct the learning experience of pupils and students, irrespective of their qualifications or the delivery mechanism, i.e. face-to-face and/or at a distance. This definition excludes educational personnel who have no active teaching duties (e.g. headmasters, headmistresses or principals who do not teach) and persons who work occasionally or in a voluntary capacity in educational institutions.


Teachers in post-secondary non-tertiary education, female (number)

Total number of female teachers in public and private post-secondary non-tertiary education institutions (ISCED 4). Teachers are persons employed full time or part time in an official capacity to guide and direct the learning experience of pupils and students, irrespective of their qualifications or the delivery mechanism, i.e. face-to-face and/or at a distance. This definition excludes educational personnel who have no active teaching duties (e.g. headmasters, headmistresses or principals who do not teach) and persons who work occasionally or in a voluntary capacity in educational institutions.


Teachers in post-secondary non-tertiary education, male (number)

Total number of male teachers in public and private post-secondary non-tertiary education institutions (ISCED 4). Teachers are persons employed full time or part time in an official capacity to guide and direct the learning experience of pupils and students, irrespective of their qualifications or the delivery mechanism, i.e. face-to-face and/or at a distance. This definition excludes educational personnel who have no active teaching duties (e.g. headmasters, headmistresses or principals who do not teach) and persons who work occasionally or in a voluntary capacity in educational institutions. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Teachers in tertiary education ISCED 5 programmes, both sexes (number)

Total number of teachers in public and private short-cycle tertiary education institutions (ISCED 5). Teachers are persons employed full time or part time in an official capacity to guide and direct the learning experience of pupils and students, irrespective of their qualifications or the delivery mechanism, i.e. face-to-face and/or at a distance. This definition excludes educational personnel who have no active teaching duties (e.g. headmasters, headmistresses or principals who do not teach) and persons who work occasionally or in a voluntary capacity in educational institutions.


Teachers in tertiary education ISCED 5 programmes, female (number)

Total number of female teachers in public and private short-cycle tertiary education institutions (ISCED 5). Teachers are persons employed full time or part time in an official capacity to guide and direct the learning experience of pupils and students, irrespective of their qualifications or the delivery mechanism, i.e. face-to-face and/or at a distance. This definition excludes educational personnel who have no active teaching duties (e.g. headmasters, headmistresses or principals who do not teach) and persons who work occasionally or in a voluntary capacity in educational institutions.


Teachers in tertiary education ISCED 5 programmes, male (number)

Total number of male teachers in public and private short-cycle tertiary education institutions (ISCED 5). Teachers are persons employed full time or part time in an official capacity to guide and direct the learning experience of pupils and students, irrespective of their qualifications or the delivery mechanism, i.e. face-to-face and/or at a distance. This definition excludes educational personnel who have no active teaching duties (e.g. headmasters, headmistresses or principals who do not teach) and persons who work occasionally or in a voluntary capacity in educational institutions. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Teachers in tertiary education programmes, male (number)

Total number of male teachers in public and private tertiary education institutions (ISCED 5-8). Teachers are persons employed full time or part time in an official capacity to guide and direct the learning experience of pupils and students, irrespective of their qualifications or the delivery mechanism, i.e. face-to-face and/or at a distance. This definition excludes educational personnel who have no active teaching duties (e.g. headmasters, headmistresses or principals who do not teach) and persons who work occasionally or in a voluntary capacity in educational institutions. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Teacher attrition rate from pre-primary education, both sexes (%)

Percentage of teachers at a given level of education leaving the profession in a given school year. The number of leavers is estimated by subtracting the number of teachers in year t from those in year t-1 and adding the number of new entrants to the teaching workforce in year t. The attrition rate is the number of leavers expressed as a percentage of the total number of teachers in year t-1. A high value indicates high levels of teacher turnover which can be disruptive for the learning of students. Assessing and monitoring teacher attrition is essential to ensuring a sufficient supply of qualified and well-trained teachers as well as to their effective deployment, support and management. Where teachers teach for 30-40 years, the attrition rate will be well below 5%. Attrition rates above 10% indicate that the average teaching career lasts only 10 years. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Teacher attrition rate from pre-primary education, female (%)


Teacher attrition rate from pre-primary education, adjusted gender parity index (GPIA)

The Adjusted Gender Parity Index (GPIA) is calculated by dividing the female value for the indicator by the male value for the indicator. If the resulting value exceeds 1, the ratio is inverted and subtracted from 2. The adjusted gender parity index is symmetrical around 1 and lies in the range 0-2. An adjusted GPI equal to 1 indicates parity between females and males. In general, a value less than 1 indicates disparity in favor of males and a value greater than 1 indicates disparity in favor of females. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute for Statistics: http://uis.unesco.org/


Teacher attrition rate from pre-primary education, male (%)


Teacher attrition rate from primary education, female (%)

Number of female teachers who left the primary education system in year t+1, expressed as a percentage of female teachers in service in primary education system in year t. For more information, consult the UIS website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Teacher attrition rate from primary education, adjusted gender parity index (GPIA)


Teacher attrition rate from primary education, male (%)

Number of male teachers who left the primary education system in year t+1, expressed as a percentage of male teachers in service in primary education system in year t. For more information, consult the UIS website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Teacher attrition rate from primary education, both sexes (%)

Number of teachers who left the primary education system in year t+1, expressed as a percentage of teachers in service in primary education system in year t. For more information, consult the UIS website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Teacher attrition rate from lower secondary education, female (%)

Number of female teachers who left the lower secondary education system in year t+1, expressed as a percentage of female teachers in service in lower secondary education system in year t. For more information, consult the UIS website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Teacher attrition rate from lower secondary education, adjusted gender parity index (GPIA)


Teacher attrition rate from lower secondary education, male (%)

Number of male teachers who left the lower secondary education system in year t+1, expressed as a percentage of male teachers in service in lower secondary education system in year t. For more information, consult the UIS website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Teacher attrition rate from lower secondary education, both sexes (%)

Number of teachers who left the lower secondary education system in year t+1, expressed as a percentage of teachers in service in lower secondary education system in year t. For more information, consult the UIS website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Teacher attrition rate from secondary education, both sexes (%)


Teacher attrition rate from secondary education, female (%)


Teacher attrition rate from secondary education, adjusted gender parity index (GPIA)


Teacher attrition rate from general secondary education, both sexes (%)


Teacher attrition rate from general secondary education, female (%)


Teacher attrition rate from general secondary education, male (%)


Teacher attrition rate from secondary education, male (%)


Teacher attrition rate from vocational secondary education, both sexes (%)


Teacher attrition rate from vocational secondary education, female (%)


Teacher attrition rate from vocational secondary education, male (%)


Teacher attrition rate from upper secondary education, female (%)

Number of female teachers who left the upper secondary education system in year t+1, expressed as a percentage of female teachers in service in upper secondary education system in year t. For more information, consult the UIS website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Teacher attrition rate from upper secondary education, adjusted gender parity index (GPIA)


Teacher attrition rate from upper secondary education, male (%)

Number of male teachers who left the upper secondary education system in year t+1, expressed as a percentage of male teachers in service in upper secondary education system in year t. For more information, consult the UIS website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Teacher attrition rate from upper secondary education, both sexes (%)

Number of teachers who left the upper secondary education system in year t+1, expressed as a percentage of teachers in service in upper secondary education system in year t. For more information, consult the UIS website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Official entrance age to early childhood education (years)

Age at which students would enter early childhood education.


Official entrance age to early childhood educational development (years)

Age at which students would enter early childhood educational development. For more information, visit the UNESCO Institute for Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/


Official entrance age to pre-primary education (years)

Age at which students would enter pre-primary education.


Official entrance age to upper secondary education (years)

Age at which students would enter upper secondary education, assuming they had started at the official entrance age for the lowest level of education, had studied full-time throughout and had progressed through the system without repeating or skipping a grade.


Official entrance age to post-secondary non-tertiary education (years)

Age at which students would enter post-secondary education, assuming they had started at the official entrance age for the lowest level of education, had studied full-time throughout and had progressed through the system without repeating or skipping a grade.


Theoretical duration of early childhood education (years)

Number of grades (years) in early childhood education.


Theoretical duration of early childhood educational development (years)

Number of grades (years) in early childhood educational development.


Theoretical duration of pre-primary education (years)

Number of grades (years) in pre-primary education.


Theoretical duration of post-secondary non-tertiary education (years)

Number of grades (years) in post-secondary education.


Proportion of teachers with the minimum required qualifications in pre-primary education, both sexes (%)

Number of teachers who have received the minimum organized teacher training (pre-service or in-service) required for teaching at the pre-primary level in the given country, expressed as a percentage of the total number of teachers at the pre-primary level.


Proportion of teachers with the minimum required qualifications in pre-primary education, female (%)

Number of female teachers who have received the minimum organized teacher training (pre-service or in-service) required for teaching at the pre-primary level in the given country, expressed as a percentage of the total number of female teachers at the pre-primary level.


Proportion of teachers with the minimum required qualifications in pre-primary education, adjusted gender parity index (GPIA)

The Adjusted Gender Parity Index (GPIA) is calculated by dividing the female value for the indicator by the male value for the indicator. If the resulting value exceeds 1, the ratio is inverted and subtracted from 2. The adjusted gender parity index is symmetrical around 1 and lies in the range 0-2. An adjusted GPI equal to 1 indicates parity between females and males. In general, a value less than 1 indicates disparity in favor of males and a value greater than 1 indicates disparity in favor of females. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute for Statistics: http://uis.unesco.org/


Proportion of teachers with the minimum required qualifications in pre-primary education, male (%)

Number of male teachers who have received the minimum organized teacher training (pre-service or in-service) required for teaching at the pre-primary level in the given country, expressed as a percentage of the total number of male teachers at the pre-primary level.


Proportion of teachers with the minimum required qualifications in primary education, adjusted gender parity index (GPIA)


Proportion of teachers with the minimum required qualifications in lower secondary education, both sexes (%)

Number of teachers who have received the minimum organized teacher training (pre-service or in-service) required for teaching at the lower secondary level in the given country, expressed as a percentage of the total number of teachers at the lower secondary level.


Proportion of teachers with the minimum required qualifications in lower secondary education, female (%)

Number of female teachers who have received the minimum organized teacher training (pre-service or in-service) required for teaching at the lower secondary level in the given country, expressed as a percentage of the total number of female teachers at the lower secondary level.


Proportion of teachers with the minimum required qualifications in lower secondary education, adjusted gender parity index (GPIA)


Proportion of teachers with the minimum required qualifications in lower secondary education, male (%)

Number of male teachers who have received the minimum organized teacher training (pre-service or in-service) required for teaching at the lower secondary level in the given country, expressed as a percentage of the total number of male teachers at the lower secondary level.


Proportion of teachers with the minimum required qualifications in secondary education, adjusted gender parity index (GPIA)


Proportion of teachers with the minimum required qualifications in upper secondary education, both sexes (%)

Number of teachers who have received the minimum organized teacher training (pre-service or in-service) required for teaching at the upper secondary level in the given country, expressed as a percentage of the total number of teachers at the upper secondary level.


Proportion of teachers with the minimum required qualifications in upper secondary education, female (%)

Number of female teachers who have received the minimum organized teacher training (pre-service or in-service) required for teaching at the upper secondary level in the given country, expressed as a percentage of the total number of female teachers at the upper secondary level.


Proportion of teachers with the minimum required qualifications in upper secondary education, adjusted gender parity index (GPIA)


Proportion of teachers with the minimum required qualifications in upper secondary education, male (%)

Number of male teachers who have received the minimum organized teacher training (pre-service or in-service) required for teaching at the upper secondary level in the given country, expressed as a percentage of the total number of male teachers at the upper secondary level.


Government expenditure on pre-primary education, PPP$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on pre-primary education (current, capital, and transfers), in millions PPP$ (at purchasing power parity), in nominal value. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to PPP$. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on primary education, PPP$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on primary education (current, capital, and transfers), in millions PPP$ (at purchasing power parity), in nominal value. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to PPP$. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on lower secondary education, PPP$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on lower secondary education (current, capital, and transfers), in millions PPP$ (at purchasing power parity), in nominal value. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to PPP$. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on secondary education, PPP$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on secondary education (current, capital, and transfers), in millions PPP$ (at purchasing power parity), in nominal value. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to PPP$. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational education only, PPP$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational education (current, capital, and transfers), in millions PPP$ (at purchasing power parity), in nominal value. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to PPP$. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on upper secondary education, PPP$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on upper secondary education (current, capital, and transfers), in millions PPP$ (at purchasing power parity), in nominal value. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to PPP$. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on post-secondary non-tertiary education, PPP$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on post-secondary non-tertiary education (current, capital, and transfers), in millions PPP$ (at purchasing power parity), in nominal value. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to PPP$. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on tertiary education, PPP$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on tertiary education (current, capital, and transfers), in millions PPP$ (at purchasing power parity), in nominal value. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to PPP$. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on education, PPP$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers), in millions PPP$ (at purchasing power parity), in nominal value. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to PPP$. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on education not specified by level, PPP$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) not specified by level, in millions PPP$ (at purchasing power parity), in nominal value. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to PPP$. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on pre-primary education, constant PPP$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on pre-primary education (current, capital, and transfers), in millions PPP$ (at purchasing power parity) in constant value (taking into account inflation). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to PPP$, and where it is expressed in constant value, uses a GDP deflator to account for inflation. The constant prices base year is normally three years before the year of the data release. For example, in the July 2017 data release, constant PPP$ values are expressed in 2014 prices. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on primary education, constant PPP$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on primary education (current, capital, and transfers), in millions PPP$ (at purchasing power parity) in constant value (taking into account inflation). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to PPP$, and where it is expressed in constant value, uses a GDP deflator to account for inflation. The constant prices base year is normally three years before the year of the data release. For example, in the July 2017 data release, constant PPP$ values are expressed in 2014 prices. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on lower secondary education, constant PPP$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on lower secondary education (current, capital, and transfers), in millions PPP$ (at purchasing power parity) in constant value (taking into account inflation). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to PPP$, and where it is expressed in constant value, uses a GDP deflator to account for inflation. The constant prices base year is normally three years before the year of the data release. For example, in the July 2017 data release, constant PPP$ values are expressed in 2014 prices. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on secondary education, constant PPP$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on secondary education (current, capital, and transfers), in millions PPP$ (at purchasing power parity) in constant value (taking into account inflation). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to PPP$, and where it is expressed in constant value, uses a GDP deflator to account for inflation. The constant prices base year is normally three years before the year of the data release. For example, in the July 2017 data release, constant PPP$ values are expressed in 2014 prices. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational education only, constant PPP$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational education (current, capital, and transfers), in millions PPP$ (at purchasing power parity) in constant value (taking into account inflation). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to PPP$, and where it is expressed in constant value, uses a GDP deflator to account for inflation. The constant prices base year is normally three years before the year of the data release. For example, in the July 2017 data release, constant PPP$ values are expressed in 2014 prices. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on upper secondary education, constant PPP$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on upper secondary education (current, capital, and transfers), in millions PPP$ (at purchasing power parity) in constant value (taking into account inflation). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to PPP$, and where it is expressed in constant value, uses a GDP deflator to account for inflation. The constant prices base year is normally three years before the year of the data release. For example, in the July 2017 data release, constant PPP$ values are expressed in 2014 prices. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on post-secondary non-tertiary education, constant PPP$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on post-secondary non-tertiary education (current, capital, and transfers), in millions PPP$ (at purchasing power parity) in constant value (taking into account inflation). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to PPP$, and where it is expressed in constant value, uses a GDP deflator to account for inflation. The constant prices base year is normally three years before the year of the data release. For example, in the July 2017 data release, constant PPP$ values are expressed in 2014 prices. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on tertiary education, constant PPP$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on tertiary education (current, capital, and transfers), in millions PPP$ (at purchasing power parity) in constant value (taking into account inflation). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to PPP$, and where it is expressed in constant value, uses a GDP deflator to account for inflation. The constant prices base year is normally three years before the year of the data release. For example, in the July 2017 data release, constant PPP$ values are expressed in 2014 prices. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on education, constant PPP$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers), in millions PPP$ (at purchasing power parity) in constant value (taking into account inflation). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to PPP$, and where it is expressed in constant value, uses a GDP deflator to account for inflation. The constant prices base year is normally three years before the year of the data release. For example, in the July 2017 data release, constant PPP$ values are expressed in 2014 prices. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on education not specified by level, constant PPP$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) not specified by level, in millions PPP$ (at purchasing power parity) in constant value (taking into account inflation). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to PPP$, and where it is expressed in constant value, uses a GDP deflator to account for inflation. The constant prices base year is normally three years before the year of the data release. For example, in the July 2017 data release, constant PPP$ values are expressed in 2014 prices. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on pre-primary education, US$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on pre-primary education (current, capital, and transfers) in millions US$ (nominal value). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to US$. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on primary education, US$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on primary education (current, capital, and transfers) in millions US$ (nominal value). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to US$. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on lower secondary education, US$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on lower secondary education (current, capital, and transfers) in millions US$ (nominal value). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to US$. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on secondary education, US$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on secondary education (current, capital, and transfers) in millions US$ (nominal value). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to US$. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational education only, US$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational education (current, capital, and transfers) in millions US$ (nominal value). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to US$. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on upper secondary education, US$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on upper secondary education (current, capital, and transfers) in millions US$ (nominal value). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to US$. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on post-secondary non-tertiary education, US$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on post-secondary non-tertiary education (current, capital, and transfers) in millions US$ (nominal value). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to US$. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on tertiary education, US$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on tertiary education (current, capital, and transfers) in millions US$ (nominal value). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to US$. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on education, US$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) in millions US$ (nominal value). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to US$. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on education not specified by level, US$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) not specified by level in millions US$ (nominal value). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to US$. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on pre-primary education, constant US$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on pre-primary education (current, capital, and transfers) in millions US$ in constant value (taking into account inflation). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to US$, and where it is expressed in constant value, uses a GDP deflator to account for inflation. The constant prices base year is normally three years before the year of the data release. For example, in the July 2017 data release, constant US$ values are expressed in 2014 prices. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on primary education, constant US$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on primary education (current, capital, and transfers) in millions US$ in constant value (taking into account inflation). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to US$, and where it is expressed in constant value, uses a GDP deflator to account for inflation. The constant prices base year is normally three years before the year of the data release. For example, in the July 2017 data release, constant US$ values are expressed in 2014 prices. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on lower secondary education, constant US$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on lower secondary education (current, capital, and transfers) in millions US$ in constant value (taking into account inflation). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to US$, and where it is expressed in constant value, uses a GDP deflator to account for inflation. The constant prices base year is normally three years before the year of the data release. For example, in the July 2017 data release, constant US$ values are expressed in 2014 prices. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on secondary education, constant US$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on secondary education (current, capital, and transfers) in millions US$ in constant value (taking into account inflation). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to US$, and where it is expressed in constant value, uses a GDP deflator to account for inflation. The constant prices base year is normally three years before the year of the data release. For example, in the July 2017 data release, constant US$ values are expressed in 2014 prices. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational education only, constant US$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational education (current, capital, and transfers) in millions US$ in constant value (taking into account inflation). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to US$, and where it is expressed in constant value, uses a GDP deflator to account for inflation. The constant prices base year is normally three years before the year of the data release. For example, in the July 2017 data release, constant US$ values are expressed in 2014 prices. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on upper secondary education, constant US$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on upper secondary education (current, capital, and transfers) in millions US$ in constant value (taking into account inflation). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to US$, and where it is expressed in constant value, uses a GDP deflator to account for inflation. The constant prices base year is normally three years before the year of the data release. For example, in the July 2017 data release, constant US$ values are expressed in 2014 prices. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on post-secondary non-tertiary education, constant US$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on post-secondary non-tertiary education (current, capital, and transfers) in millions US$ in constant value (taking into account inflation). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to US$, and where it is expressed in constant value, uses a GDP deflator to account for inflation. The constant prices base year is normally three years before the year of the data release. For example, in the July 2017 data release, constant US$ values are expressed in 2014 prices. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on tertiary education, constant US$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on tertiary education (current, capital, and transfers) in millions US$ in constant value (taking into account inflation). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to US$, and where it is expressed in constant value, uses a GDP deflator to account for inflation. The constant prices base year is normally three years before the year of the data release. For example, in the July 2017 data release, constant US$ values are expressed in 2014 prices. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on education, constant US$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) in millions US$ in constant value (taking into account inflation). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to US$, and where it is expressed in constant value, uses a GDP deflator to account for inflation. The constant prices base year is normally three years before the year of the data release. For example, in the July 2017 data release, constant US$ values are expressed in 2014 prices. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on education not specified by level, constant US$ (millions)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) not specified by level in millions US$ in constant value (taking into account inflation). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Total government expenditure for a given level of education (e.g. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) in national currency is converted to US$, and where it is expressed in constant value, uses a GDP deflator to account for inflation. The constant prices base year is normally three years before the year of the data release. For example, in the July 2017 data release, constant US$ values are expressed in 2014 prices. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on pre-primary education as % of GDP (%)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on pre-primary education (current, capital, and transfers), expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Divide total government expenditure for a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by the GDP, and multiply by 100. A higher percentage of GDP spent on education shows a higher government priority for education, but also a higher capacity of the government to raise revenues for public spending, in relation to the size of the country's economy. When interpreting this indicator however, one should keep in mind in some countries, the private sector and/or households may fund a higher proportion of total funding for education, thus making government expenditure appear lower than in other countries. Limitations: In some instances data on total public expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on primary education as % of GDP (%)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on primary education (current, capital, and transfers), expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Divide total government expenditure for a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by the GDP, and multiply by 100. A higher percentage of GDP spent on education shows a higher government priority for education, but also a higher capacity of the government to raise revenues for public spending, in relation to the size of the country's economy. When interpreting this indicator however, one should keep in mind in some countries, the private sector and/or households may fund a higher proportion of total funding for education, thus making government expenditure appear lower than in other countries. Limitations: In some instances data on total public expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on lower secondary education as a percentage of GDP (%)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on lower secondary education (current, capital, and transfers), expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Divide total government expenditure for a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by the GDP, and multiply by 100. A higher percentage of GDP spent on education shows a higher government priority for education, but also a higher capacity of the government to raise revenues for public spending, in relation to the size of the country's economy. When interpreting this indicator however, one should keep in mind in some countries, the private sector and/or households may fund a higher proportion of total funding for education, thus making government expenditure appear lower than in other countries. Limitations: In some instances data on total public expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on secondary education as % of GDP (%)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on secondary education (current, capital, and transfers), expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Divide total government expenditure for a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by the GDP, and multiply by 100. A higher percentage of GDP spent on education shows a higher government priority for education, but also a higher capacity of the government to raise revenues for public spending, in relation to the size of the country's economy. When interpreting this indicator however, one should keep in mind in some countries, the private sector and/or households may fund a higher proportion of total funding for education, thus making government expenditure appear lower than in other countries. Limitations: In some instances data on total public expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational education as % of GDP (%)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary vocational education (current, capital, and transfers), expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Divide total government expenditure for a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by the GDP, and multiply by 100. A higher percentage of GDP spent on education shows a higher government priority for education, but also a higher capacity of the government to raise revenues for public spending, in relation to the size of the country's economy. When interpreting this indicator however, one should keep in mind in some countries, the private sector and/or households may fund a higher proportion of total funding for education, thus making government expenditure appear lower than in other countries. Limitations: In some instances data on total public expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on upper secondary education as a percentage of GDP (%)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on upper secondary education (current, capital, and transfers), expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Divide total government expenditure for a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by the GDP, and multiply by 100. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on post-secondary non-tertiary education as % of GDP (%)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on post-secondary non-tertiary education (current, capital, and transfers), expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Divide total government expenditure for a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by the GDP, and multiply by 100. A higher percentage of GDP spent on education shows a higher government priority for education, but also a higher capacity of the government to raise revenues for public spending, in relation to the size of the country's economy. When interpreting this indicator however, one should keep in mind in some countries, the private sector and/or households may fund a higher proportion of total funding for education, thus making government expenditure appear lower than in other countries. Limitations: In some instances data on total public expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Government expenditure on tertiary education as % of GDP (%)

Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on tertiary education (current, capital, and transfers), expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Divide total government expenditure for a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by the GDP, and multiply by 100. A higher percentage of GDP spent on education shows a higher government priority for education, but also a higher capacity of the government to raise revenues for public spending, in relation to the size of the country's economy. When interpreting this indicator however, one should keep in mind in some countries, the private sector and/or households may fund a higher proportion of total funding for education, thus making government expenditure appear lower than in other countries. Limitations: In some instances data on total public expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Capital expenditure as % of total expenditure in pre-primary public institutions (%)

Capital expenditure expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the specified level of education. Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Capital expenditure is for education goods or assets that yield benefits for a period of more than one year. It includes expenditure for construction, renovation and major repairs of buildings and the purchase of heavy equipment or vehicles. Divide capital expenditure in public institutions of a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions of the same level of education, and multiply by 100. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Current expenditure as % of total expenditure in pre-primary public institutions (%)

Current expenditure expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the specified level of education. Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Current expenditure is consumed within the current year and would have to be renewed if needed in the following year. It includes staff compensation and current expenditure other than for staff compensation (ex. on teaching materials, ancillary services and administration). Divide all current expenditure in public institutions of a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions of the same level of education, and multiply by 100. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Current expenditure other than staff compensation as % of total expenditure in pre-primary public institutions (%)

Current expenditure other than for staff compensation expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the specified level of education. Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Current expenditure other than for staff compensation includes expenditure on school books and teaching materials, ancillary services (ex. food, transport), and administration and other support activities. Divide current expenditure other than staff compensation in public institutions of a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions of the same level of education, and multiply by 100. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


All staff compensation as % of total expenditure in pre-primary public institutions (%)

All staff (teacher and non-teachers) compensation expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the specified level of education. Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Staff compensation includes salaries, contributions by employers for staff retirement programmes, and other allowances and benefits. Divide all staff compensation in public institutions of a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions of the same level of education, and multiply by 100. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Non-teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in pre-primary public institutions (%)

Non-teacher (e.g. school directors, support staff, administrative staff in local or central Ministries) compensation expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the specified level of education. Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Staff compensation includes salaries, contributions by employers for staff retirement programmes, and other allowances and benefits. To calculate the indicator, divide non-teacher compensation in public institutions of a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions of the same level of education, and multiply by 100. Limitations: Although countries responding to the UIS questionnaire on educational expenditure are required to follow common definitions for staff compensation, in some cases government budget classifications may differ. It is also often difficult to separate staff compensation between teachers and non-teachers, as these are usually grouped together in country's accounting systems. In general, respondent countries must use estimation methods to separate teacher and non-teacher staff compensation. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in pre-primary public institutions (%)

Teacher compensation expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the specified level of education. Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Staff compensation includes salaries, contributions by employers for staff retirement programmes, and other allowances and benefits. To calculate this indicator, divide teacher compensation in public institutions of a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions of the same level of education, and multiply by 100. Limitations: Although countries responding to the UIS questionnaire on educational expenditure are required to follow common definitions for staff compensation, in some cases government budget classifications may differ. It is also often difficult to separate staff compensation between teachers and non-teachers, as these are usually grouped together in country's accounting systems. In general, respondent countries must use estimation methods to separate teacher and non-teacher staff compensation. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Expenditure on school books and teaching material as % of total expenditure in primary public institutions (%)

Expenditure on school books and teaching material expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional) of the specified level of education. Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Divide expenditure on school books and teaching material in public institutions of a given level of education (ex. primary, secondary, or all levels combined) by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions of the same level of education, and multiply by 100. Limitations: Although countries responding to the UIS questionnaire on educational expenditure are required to follow common definitions, in some cases government budget classifications may differ. It is also often difficult to identify expenditure on school books and teaching material, as not all accounting systems include such a classification. In some poorer countries, foreign donors and/or households may fund a large portion of expenditure on school books and teaching material, and where country respondents only have data on government expenditure, the amounts may be underestimated or missing entirely. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Capital expenditure as % of total expenditure in primary public institutions (%)


Current expenditure as % of total expenditure in primary public institutions (%)


Current expenditure other than staff compensation as % of total expenditure in primary public institutions (%)


Non-teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in primary public institutions (%)


All staff compensation as % of total expenditure in primary public institutions (%)


Teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in primary public institutions (%)


Capital expenditure as % of total expenditure in lower secondary public institutions (%)


Current expenditure as % of total expenditure in lower secondary public institutions (%)


Current expenditure other than staff compensation as % of total expenditure in lower secondary public institutions (%)


Non-teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in lower secondary public institutions (%)


All staff compensation as % of total expenditure in lower secondary public institutions (%)


Teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in lower secondary public institutions (%)


Expenditure on school books and teaching material as % of total expenditure in secondary public institutions (%)


Capital expenditure as % of total expenditure in secondary public institutions (%)


Current expenditure as % of total expenditure in secondary public institutions (%)


Current expenditure other than staff compensation as % of total expenditure in secondary public institutions (%)


Non-teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in secondary public institutions (%)


All staff compensation as % of total expenditure in secondary public institutions (%)


Teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in secondary public institutions (%)


Capital expenditure as % of total expenditure in upper-secondary public institutions (%)


Current expenditure as % of total expenditure in upper-secondary public institutions (%)


Current expenditure other than staff compensation as % of total expenditure in upper secondary public institutions (%)


Non-teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in upper secondary public institutions (%)


All staff compensation as % of total expenditure in upper secondary public institutions (%)


Teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in upper secondary public institutions (%)


Capital expenditure as % of total expenditure in post-secondary non-tertiary public institutions (%)


Current expenditure as % of total expenditure in post-secondary non-tertiary public institutions (%)


Current expenditure other than staff compensation as % of total expenditure in post-secondary non-tertiary public institutions (%)


Non-teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in post-secondary non-tertiary public institutions (%)


All staff compensation as % of total expenditure in post-secondary non-tertiary public institutions (%)


Teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in post-secondary non-tertiary public institutions (%)


Capital expenditure as % of total expenditure in tertiary public institutions (%)


Current expenditure as % of total expenditure in tertiary public institutions (%)


Current expenditure other than staff compensation as % of total expenditure in tertiary public institutions (%)


Non-teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in tertiary public institutions (%)


All staff compensation as % of total expenditure in tertiary public institutions (%)


Teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in tertiary public institutions (%)


Capital expenditure as % of total expenditure in public institutions (%)

Capital expenditure expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional). Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Capital expenditure is for education goods or assets that yield benefits for a period of more than one year. It includes expenditure for construction, renovation and major repairs of buildings and the purchase of heavy equipment or vehicles. Divide capital expenditure in public institutions by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions, and multiply by 100. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Current expenditure other than staff compensation as % of total expenditure in public institutions (%)

Current expenditure other than for staff compensation expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional). Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Current expenditure other than for staff compensation includes expenditure on school books and teaching materials, ancillary services (ex. food, transport), and administration and other support activities. Divide current expenditure other than staff compensation in public institutions by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions, and multiply by 100. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Non-teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in public institutions (%)


All staff compensation as % of total expenditure in public institutions (%)

All staff (teacher and non-teachers) compensation expressed as a percentage of direct expenditure in public educational institutions (instructional and non-instructional). Financial aid to students and other transfers are excluded from direct expenditure. Staff compensation includes salaries, contributions by employers for staff retirement programmes, and other allowances and benefits. Divide all staff compensation in public institutions by total expenditure (current and capital) in public institutions, and multiply by 100. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Teaching staff compensation as a percentage of total expenditure in public institutions (%)


Initial government funding per pre-primary student as a percentage of GDP per capita

Total general (local, regional and central, current and capital) initial government funding of education per student, which includes transfers paid (such as scholarships to students), but excludes transfers received, in this case international transfers to government for education (when foreign donors provide education sector budget support or other support integrated in the government budget). Calculation Method: Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure (current and capital) on a given level of education (primary, secondary, etc) minus international transfers to government for education, divided by the number of student enrolled at that level of education. This is then expressed as a share of GDP per capita. Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. There are also cases where it may not be possible to separate international transfers to government from general government expenditure on education, in which cases they have not been subtracted in the formula. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Initial government funding per primary student as a percentage of GDP per capita


Initial household funding per primary student as a percentage of GDP per capita

Total payments of households (pupils, students and their families) for educational institutions (such as for tuition fees, exam and registration fees, contribution to Parent-Teacher associations or other school funds, and fees for canteen, boarding and transport) and purchases outside of educational institutions (such as for uniforms, textbooks, teaching materials, or private classes). 'Initial funding' means that government transfers to households, such as scholarships and other financial aid for education, are subtracted from what is spent by households. Note that in some countries for some education levels, the value of this indicator may be 0, since on average households may be receiving as much, or more, in financial aid from the government than what they are spending on education. Calculation: Total payments of households (pupils, students and their families) for educational institutions (such as for tuition fees, exam and registration fees, contribution to Parent-Teacher associations or other school funds, and fees for canteen, boarding and transport), plus purchases outside of educational institutions (such as for uniforms, textbooks, teaching materials, or private classes), minus government education transfers to households (such as scholarships or other education-specific financial aid). When expressed as a share of GDP, this is then divided by the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Limitations: Indicators for household expenditure on education should be interpreted with caution since data comes from household surveys which may not all follow the same definitions and concepts. These types of surveys are also not carried out in all countries with regularity, and for some categories (such as pupils in pre-primary education), the sample sizes may be low. In some cases where data on government transfers to households (scholarships and other financial aid) was not available, they could not be subtracted from amounts paid by households. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Initial government funding per lower secondary student as a percentage of GDP per capita


Initial government funding per secondary student as a percentage of GDP per capita


Initial household funding per secondary student as a percentage of GDP per capita


Initial government funding per upper secondary student as a percentage of GDP per capita


Initial government funding per tertiary student as a percentage of GDP per capita


Initial household funding per tertiary student as a percentage of GDP per capita


Initial government funding per pre-primary student, constant PPP$

Total general (local, regional and central, current and capital) initial government funding of education per student, which includes transfers paid (such as scholarships to students), but excludes transfers received, in this case international transfers to government for education (when foreign donors provide education sector budget support or other support integrated in the government budget). Calculation Method: Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure (current and capital) on a given level of education (primary, secondary, etc) minus international transfers to government for education, divided by the number of student enrolled at that level of education. This is then expressed at constant purchasing power parity (constant PPP$). Limitations: In some instances data on total government expenditure on education refers only to the Ministry of Education, excluding other ministries which may also spend a part of their budget on educational activities. There are also cases where it may not be possible to separate international transfers to government from general government expenditure on education, in which cases they have not been subtracted in the formula. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Initial government funding per primary student, constant PPP$


Initial household funding per primary student, constant PPP$

Total payments of households (pupils, students and their families) for educational institutions (such as for tuition fees, exam and registration fees, contribution to Parent-Teacher associations or other school funds, and fees for canteen, boarding and transport) and purchases outside of educational institutions (such as for uniforms, textbooks, teaching materials, or private classes). 'Initial funding' means that government transfers to households, such as scholarships and other financial aid for education, are subtracted from what is spent by households. Note that in some countries for some education levels, the value of this indicator may be 0, since on average households may be receiving as much, or more, in financial aid from the government than what they are spending on education. Calculation: Total payments of households (pupils, students and their families) for educational institutions (such as for tuition fees, exam and registration fees, contribution to Parent-Teacher associations or other school funds, and fees for canteen, boarding and transport), plus purchases outside of educational institutions (such as for uniforms, textbooks, teaching materials, or private classes), minus government education transfers to households (such as scholarships or other education-specific financial aid). Limitations: Indicators for household expenditure on education should be interpreted with caution since data comes from household surveys which may not all follow the same definitions and concepts. These types of surveys are also not carried out in all countries with regularity, and for some categories (such as pupils in pre-primary education), the sample sizes may be low. In some cases where data on government transfers to households (scholarships and other financial aid) was not available, they could not be subtracted from amounts paid by households. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Initial government funding per lower secondary student, constant PPP$


Initial government funding per secondary student, constant PPP$


Initial household funding per secondary student, constant PPP$


Initial government funding per upper secondary student, constant PPP$


Initial government funding per tertiary student, constant PPP$


Initial household funding per tertiary student, constant PPP$


Proportion of population achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional literacy skills, both sexes (%)

The percentage of youth and adults (15 years and above) who have achieved or exceeded a given level of proficiency in literacy. Functional literacy is defined by UIS as the capacity of a person to engage in all those activities in which literacy is required for effective function of his or her group and community and also for enabling him or her to continue to use reading, writing and calculation for his or her own and the community’s development. This indicator is collected via skills' assessment surveys of the adult population (e.g. the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), the Skills Towards Employment and Productivity (STEP) Measurement programme, the Literacy Assessment Measurement Programme (LAMP) and national adult literacy and numeracy surveys. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Proportion of population achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional literacy skills, female (%)

The percentage of female youth and adults (15 years and above) who have achieved or exceeded a given level of proficiency in literacy. Functional literacy is defined by UIS as the capacity of a person to engage in all those activities in which literacy is required for effective function of his or her group and community and also for enabling him or her to continue to use reading, writing and calculation for his or her own and the community’s development. This indicator is collected via skills' assessment surveys of the adult population (e.g. the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), the Skills Towards Employment and Productivity (STEP) Measurement programme, the Literacy Assessment Measurement Programme (LAMP) and national adult literacy and numeracy surveys. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Proportion of population achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional literacy skills, adjusted gender parity index (GPIA)

The Adjusted Gender Parity Index (GPIA) is calculated by dividing the female value for the indicator by the male value for the indicator. If the resulting value exceeds 1, the ratio is inverted and subtracted from 2. The adjusted gender parity index is symmetrical around 1 and lies in the range 0-2. An adjusted GPI equal to 1 indicates parity between females and males. In general, a value less than 1 indicates disparity in favor of males and a value greater than 1 indicates disparity in favor of females. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute for Statistics: http://uis.unesco.org/


Proportion of population achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional literacy skills, high socio-economic status (%)

The percentage of high socio-economic status youth and adults (15 years and above) who have achieved or exceeded a given level of proficiency in literacy. Functional literacy is defined by UIS as the capacity of a person to engage in all those activities in which literacy is required for effective function of his or her group and community and also for enabling him or her to continue to use reading, writing and calculation for his or her own and the community’s development. This indicator is collected via skills' assessment surveys of the adult population (e.g. the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), the Skills Towards Employment and Productivity (STEP) Measurement programme, the Literacy Assessment Measurement Programme (LAMP) and national adult literacy and numeracy surveys. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Proportion of population achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional literacy skills, low socio-economic status (%)

The percentage of low socio-economic status youth and adults (15 years and above) who have achieved or exceeded a given level of proficiency in literacy. Functional literacy is defined by UIS as the capacity of a person to engage in all those activities in which literacy is required for effective function of his or her group and community and also for enabling him or her to continue to use reading, writing and calculation for his or her own and the community’s development. This indicator is collected via skills' assessment surveys of the adult population (e.g. the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), the Skills Towards Employment and Productivity (STEP) Measurement programme, the Literacy Assessment Measurement Programme (LAMP) and national adult literacy and numeracy surveys. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Proportion of population achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional literacy skills, male (%)

The percentage of male youth and adults (15 years and above) who have achieved or exceeded a given level of proficiency in literacy. Functional literacy is defined by UIS as the capacity of a person to engage in all those activities in which literacy is required for effective function of his or her group and community and also for enabling him or her to continue to use reading, writing and calculation for his or her own and the community’s development. This indicator is collected via skills' assessment surveys of the adult population (e.g. the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), the Skills Towards Employment and Productivity (STEP) Measurement programme, the Literacy Assessment Measurement Programme (LAMP) and national adult literacy and numeracy surveys. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Proportion of population achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional literacy skills, non-immigrant background (%)

The percentage of non-immigrant youth and adults (15 years and above) who have achieved or exceeded a given level of proficiency in literacy. Functional literacy is defined by UIS as the capacity of a person to engage in all those activities in which literacy is required for effective function of his or her group and community and also for enabling him or her to continue to use reading, writing and calculation for his or her own and the community’s development. This indicator is collected via skills' assessment surveys of the adult population (e.g. the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), the Skills Towards Employment and Productivity (STEP) Measurement programme, the Literacy Assessment Measurement Programme (LAMP) and national adult literacy and numeracy surveys. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Proportion of population achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in functional literacy skills, immigrant background (%)

The percentage of immigrant youth and adults (15 years and above) who have achieved or exceeded a given level of proficiency in literacy. Functional literacy is defined by UIS as the capacity of a person to engage in all those activities in which literacy is required for effective function of his or her group and community and also for enabling him or her to continue to use reading, writing and calculation for his or her own and the community’s development. This indicator is collected via skills' assessment surveys of the adult population (e.g. the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), the Skills Towards Employment and Productivity (STEP) Measurement programme, the Literacy Assessment Measurement Programme (LAMP) and national adult literacy and numeracy surveys. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/