MICS: Typology of out-of-school children. Primary. Never in school. Quintile 5

Typology of out-of-school children. Primary. Never in school. Quintile 5 is the percentage of quintile 5 out-of-school primary-school-age children who have never attended school and are not likely to enter school in the future. Since no survey can say definitively that a school-age person will never attend school, this is a probabilistic indicator. The indicator is based on UNESCO’s methodology, which estimates the proportion of children who will never attend school as the proportion of out of school for the age group with the lowest proportion of out-of-school children. This methodology assumes no dropout before the age at which enrolment rates peak, and no late entry after the age with peak enrolment. Each poverty quintile represents one fifth of students with quintile 1 being the poorest 20 percent of students and quintile 5 being the richest 20 percent of students.


MICS: Typology of out-of-school children. Primary. Never in school. Rural

Typology of out-of-school children. Primary. Never in school. Rural is the percentage of rural out-of-school primary-school-age children who have never attended school and are not likely to enter school in the future. Since no survey can say definitively that a school-age person will never attend school, this is a probabilistic indicator. The indicator is based on UNESCO’s methodology, which estimates the proportion of children who will never attend school as the proportion of out of school for the age group with the lowest proportion of out-of-school children. This methodology assumes no dropout before the age at which enrolment rates peak, and no late entry after the age with peak enrolment.

World Bank staff calculations based on Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) data


MICS: Typology of out-of-school children. Primary. Never in school. Urban

Typology of out-of-school children. Primary. Never in school. Urban is the percentage of urban out-of-school primary-school-age children who have never attended school and are not likely to enter school in the future. Since no survey can say definitively that a school-age person will never attend school, this is a probabilistic indicator. The indicator is based on UNESCO’s methodology, which estimates the proportion of children who will never attend school as the proportion of out of school for the age group with the lowest proportion of out-of-school children. This methodology assumes no dropout before the age at which enrolment rates peak, and no late entry after the age with peak enrolment.


MICS: Primary completion rate

Primary completion rate is the total number of students of any age in the last grade of primary school, minus the number of repeaters in that grade, divided by the number of children of official graduation age. The completion rate can exceed 100 percent if there are many overage students in the last grade of primary school.


MICS: Primary completion rate. Female

Primary completion rate. Female is the total number of female students of any age in the last grade of primary school, minus the number of female repeaters in that grade, divided by the number of female children of official graduation age. The completion rate can exceed 100 percent if there are many overage students in the last grade of primary school.


MICS: Primary completion rate. Male

Primary completion rate. Male is the total number of male students of any age in the last grade of primary school, minus the number of male repeaters in that grade, divided by the number of male children of official graduation age. The completion rate can exceed 100 percent if there are many overage students in the last grade of primary school.


MICS: Primary completion rate. Quintile 1

Primary completion rate. Quintile 1 is the total number of quintile 1 students of any age in the last grade of primary school, minus the number of quintile 1 repeaters in that grade, divided by the number of quintile 1 children of official graduation age. The completion rate can exceed 100 percent if there are many overage students in the last grade of primary school. Each poverty quintile represents one fifth of students with quintile 1 being the poorest 20 percent of students and quintile 5 being the richest 20 percent of students.

Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS)


MICS: Primary completion rate. Quintile 2

Primary completion rate. Quintile 2 is the total number of quintile 2 students of any age in the last grade of primary school, minus the number of quintile 2 repeaters in that grade, divided by the number of quintile 2 children of official graduation age. The completion rate can exceed 100 percent if there are many overage students in the last grade of primary school. Each poverty quintile represents one fifth of students with quintile 1 being the poorest 20 percent of students and quintile 5 being the richest 20 percent of students.


MICS: Primary completion rate. Quintile 3

Primary completion rate. Quintile 3 is the total number of quintile 3 students of any age in the last grade of primary school, minus the number of quintile 3 repeaters in that grade, divided by the number of quintile 3 children of official graduation age. The completion rate can exceed 100 percent if there are many overage students in the last grade of primary school. Each poverty quintile represents one fifth of students with quintile 1 being the poorest 20 percent of students and quintile 5 being the richest 20 percent of students.


MICS: Primary completion rate. Quintile 4

Primary completion rate. Quintile 4 is the total number of quintile 4 students of any age in the last grade of primary school, minus the number of quintile 4 repeaters in that grade, divided by the number of quintile 4 children of official graduation age. The completion rate can exceed 100 percent if there are many overage students in the last grade of primary school. Each poverty quintile represents one fifth of students with quintile 1 being the poorest 20 percent of students and quintile 5 being the richest 20 percent of students.


MICS: Primary completion rate. Quintile 5

Primary completion rate. Quintile 5 is the total number of quintile 5 students of any age in the last grade of primary school, minus the number of quintile 5 repeaters in that grade, divided by the number of quintile 5 children of official graduation age. The completion rate can exceed 100 percent if there are many overage students in the last grade of primary school. Each poverty quintile represents one fifth of students with quintile 1 being the poorest 20 percent of students and quintile 5 being the richest 20 percent of students.


MICS: Primary completion rate. Rural

Primary completion rate. Rural is the total number of rural students of any age in the last grade of primary school, minus the number of rural repeaters in that grade, divided by the number of rural children of official graduation age. The completion rate can exceed 100 percent if there are many overage students in the last grade of primary school.


MICS: Primary completion rate. Urban

Primary completion rate. Urban is the total number of urban students of any age in the last grade of primary school, minus the number of urban repeaters in that grade, divided by the number of urban children of official graduation age. The completion rate can exceed 100 percent if there are many overage students in the last grade of primary school.


MICS: Secondary completion rate

Secondary completion rate is the total number of students of any age in last grade of secondary school, minus the number of repeaters in that grade, divided by the number of children of official graduation age. The completion rate can exceed 100 percent if there are many overage students in the last grade of secondary school.


MICS: Secondary completion rate. Female

Secondary completion rate. Female is the total number of female students of any age in last grade of secondary school, minus the number of female repeaters in that grade, divided by the number of female children of official graduation age. The completion rate can exceed 100 percent if there are many overage students in the last grade of secondary school.


MICS: Secondary completion rate. Male

Secondary completion rate. Male is the total number of male students of any age in last grade of secondary school, minus the number of male repeaters in that grade, divided by the number of male children of official graduation age. The completion rate can exceed 100 percent if there are many overage students in the last grade of secondary school.


MICS: Secondary completion rate. Quintile 1

Secondary completion rate. Quintile 1 is the total number of quintile 1 students of any age in last grade of secondary school, minus the number of quintile 1 repeaters in that grade, divided by the number of quintile 1 children of official graduation age. The completion rate can exceed 100 percent if there are many overage students in the last grade of secondary school. Each poverty quintile represents one fifth of students with quintile 1 being the poorest 20 percent of students and quintile 5 being the richest 20 percent of students.


MICS: Secondary completion rate. Quintile 2

Secondary completion rate. Quintile 2 is the total number of quintile 2 students of any age in last grade of secondary school, minus the number of quintile 2 repeaters in that grade, divided by the number of quintile 2 children of official graduation age. The completion rate can exceed 100 percent if there are many overage students in the last grade of secondary school. Each poverty quintile represents one fifth of students with quintile 1 being the poorest 20 percent of students and quintile 5 being the richest 20 percent of students.


MICS: Secondary completion rate. Quintile 3

Secondary completion rate. Quintile 3 is the total number of quintile 3 students of any age in last grade of secondary school, minus the number of quintile 3 repeaters in that grade, divided by the number of quintile 3 children of official graduation age. The completion rate can exceed 100 percent if there are many overage students in the last grade of secondary school. Each poverty quintile represents one fifth of students with quintile 1 being the poorest 20 percent of students and quintile 5 being the richest 20 percent of students.


MICS: Secondary completion rate. Quintile 4

Secondary completion rate. Quintile 4 is the total number of quintile 4 students of any age in last grade of secondary school, minus the number of quintile 4 repeaters in that grade, divided by the number of quintile 4 children of official graduation age. The completion rate can exceed 100 percent if there are many overage students in the last grade of secondary school. Each poverty quintile represents one fifth of students with quintile 1 being the poorest 20 percent of students and quintile 5 being the richest 20 percent of students.


MICS: Secondary completion rate. Quintile 5

Secondary completion rate. Quintile 5 is the total number of quintile 5 students of any age in last grade of secondary school, minus the number of quintile 5 repeaters in that grade, divided by the number of quintile 5 children of official graduation age. The completion rate can exceed 100 percent if there are many overage students in the last grade of secondary school. Each poverty quintile represents one fifth of students with quintile 1 being the poorest 20 percent of students and quintile 5 being the richest 20 percent of students.


MICS: Secondary completion rate. Rural

Secondary completion rate. Rural is the total number of rural students of any age in last grade of secondary school, minus the number of rural repeaters in that grade, divided by the number of rural children of official graduation age. The completion rate can exceed 100 percent if there are many overage students in the last grade of secondary school.


MICS: Secondary completion rate. Urban

Secondary completion rate. Urban is the total number of urban students of any age in last grade of secondary school, minus the number of urban repeaters in that grade, divided by the number of urban children of official graduation age. The completion rate can exceed 100 percent if there are many overage students in the last grade of secondary school.


MICS: Transition rate. Primary to Secondary

Transition rate. Primary to Secondary is the proportion of pupils in the last grade of primary who transition to the first grade of secondary the following school year.


MICS: Transition rate. Primary to Secondary. Female

Transition rate. Primary to Secondary. Female is the proportion of female pupils in the last grade of primary who transition to the first grade of secondary the following school year.


MICS: Transition rate. Primary to Secondary. Male

Transition rate. Primary to Secondary. Male is the proportion of male pupils in the last grade of primary who transition to the first grade of secondary the following school year.


MICS: Transition rate. Primary to Secondary. Quintile 1

Transition rate. Primary to Secondary. Quintile 1 is the proportion of quintile 1 pupils in the last grade of primary who transition to the first grade of secondary the following school year. Each poverty quintile represents one fifth of students with quintile 1 being the poorest 20 percent of students and quintile 5 being the richest 20 percent of students.


MICS: Transition rate. Primary to Secondary. Quintile 2

Transition rate. Primary to Secondary. Quintile 2 is the proportion of quintile 2 pupils in the last grade of primary who transition to the first grade of secondary the following school year. Each poverty quintile represents one fifth of students with quintile 1 being the poorest 20 percent of students and quintile 5 being the richest 20 percent of students.


MICS: Transition rate. Primary to Secondary. Quintile 3

Transition rate. Primary to Secondary. Quintile 3 is the proportion of quintile 3 pupils in the last grade of primary who transition to the first grade of secondary the following school year. Each poverty quintile represents one fifth of students with quintile 1 being the poorest 20 percent of students and quintile 5 being the richest 20 percent of students.


MICS: Transition rate. Primary to Secondary. Quintile 4

Transition rate. Primary to Secondary. Quintile 4 is the proportion of quintile 4 pupils in the last grade of primary who transition to the first grade of secondary the following school year. Each poverty quintile represents one fifth of students with quintile 1 being the poorest 20 percent of students and quintile 5 being the richest 20 percent of students.


MICS: Transition rate. Primary to Secondary. Quintile 5

Transition rate. Primary to Secondary. Quintile 5 is the proportion of quintile 5 pupils in the last grade of primary who transition to the first grade of secondary the following school year. Each poverty quintile represents one fifth of students with quintile 1 being the poorest 20 percent of students and quintile 5 being the richest 20 percent of students.


MICS: Transition rate. Primary to Secondary. Rural

Transition rate. Primary to Secondary. Rural is the proportion of rural pupils in the last grade of primary who transition to the first grade of secondary the following school year.


MICS: Transition rate. Primary to Secondary. Urban

Transition rate. Primary to Secondary. Urban is the proportion of urban pupils in the last grade of primary who transition to the first grade of secondary the following school year.


MICS: Average years of schooling by age group. Age 15-19

Average years of schooling by age group. Age 15-19 is the number of years of formal schooling received, on average, by the population of the given age group.


MICS: Average years of schooling by age group. Age 15-19. Female

Average years of schooling by age group. Age 15-19. Female is the number of years of formal schooling received, on average, by the female population of the given age group.


MICS: Average years of schooling by age group. Age 15-19. Male

Average years of schooling by age group. Age 15-19. Male is the number of years of formal schooling received, on average, by the male population of the given age group.


MICS: Average years of schooling by age group. Age 15-19. Quintile 1

Average years of schooling by age group. Age 15-19. Quintile 1 is the number of years of formal schooling received, on average, by the quintile 1 population of the given age group. Each poverty quintile represents one fifth of students with quintile 1 being the poorest 20 percent of students and quintile 5 being the richest 20 percent of students.


MICS: Average years of schooling by age group. Age 15-19. Quintile 2

Average years of schooling by age group. Age 15-19. Quintile 2 is the number of years of formal schooling received, on average, by the quintile 2 population of the given age group. Each poverty quintile represents one fifth of students with quintile 1 being the poorest 20 percent of students and quintile 5 being the richest 20 percent of students.


MICS: Average years of schooling by age group. Age 15-19. Quintile 3

Average years of schooling by age group. Age 15-19. Quintile 3 is the number of years of formal schooling received, on average, by the quintile 3 population of the given age group. Each poverty quintile represents one fifth of students with quintile 1 being the poorest 20 percent of students and quintile 5 being the richest 20 percent of students.


MICS: Average years of schooling by age group. Age 15-19. Quintile 4

Average years of schooling by age group. Age 15-19. Quintile 4 is the number of years of formal schooling received, on average, by the quintile 4 population of the given age group. Each poverty quintile represents one fifth of students with quintile 1 being the poorest 20 percent of students and quintile 5 being the richest 20 percent of students.


MICS: Average years of schooling by age group. Age 15-19. Quintile 5

Average years of schooling by age group. Age 15-19. Quintile 5 is the number of years of formal schooling received, on average, by the quintile 5 population of the given age group. Each poverty quintile represents one fifth of students with quintile 1 being the poorest 20 percent of students and quintile 5 being the richest 20 percent of students.


MICS: Average years of schooling by age group. Age 15-19. Rural

Average years of schooling by age group. Age 15-19. Rural is the number of years of formal schooling received, on average, by the rural population of the given age group.


MICS: Average years of schooling by age group. Age 15-19. Urban

Average years of schooling by age group. Age 15-19. Urban is the number of years of formal schooling received, on average, by the urban population of the given age group.


MICS: Gini coefficient of average years of schooling. Age 15+

Gini coefficient of average years of schooling. Age 15+ measures the degree of inequality in years of schooling in a society. It is calculated similarly to the Gini coefficient of income or wealth. Results range from 0 to 100 with 0 indicating perfect equality and 100 indicating perfect inequality.


MICS: Gini coefficient of average years of schooling. Age 15+. Female

Gini coefficient of average years of schooling. Age 15+. Female measures the degree of inequality in years of schooling in a society. It is calculated similarly to the Gini coefficient of income or wealth. Results range from 0 to 100 with 0 indicating perfect equality and 100 indicating perfect inequality.


MICS: Gini coefficient of average years of schooling. Age 15+. Male

Gini coefficient of average years of schooling. Age 15+. Male measures the degree of inequality in years of schooling in a society. It is calculated similarly to the Gini coefficient of income or wealth. Results range from 0 to 100 with 0 indicating perfect equality and 100 indicating perfect inequality.


MICS: Gini coefficient of average years of schooling. Age 15+. Quintile 1

Gini coefficient of average years of schooling. Age 15+. Quintile 1 measures the degree of inequality in years of schooling in a society. It is calculated similarly to the Gini coefficient of income or wealth. Results range from 0 to 100 with 0 indicating perfect equality and 100 indicating perfect inequality. Each poverty quintile represents one fifth of students with quintile 1 being the poorest 20 percent of students and quintile 5 being the richest 20 percent of students.


MICS: Gini coefficient of average years of schooling. Age 15+. Quintile 2

Gini coefficient of average years of schooling. Age 15+. Quintile 2 measures the degree of inequality in years of schooling in a society. It is calculated similarly to the Gini coefficient of income or wealth. Results range from 0 to 100 with 0 indicating perfect equality and 100 indicating perfect inequality. Each poverty quintile represents one fifth of students with quintile 1 being the poorest 20 percent of students and quintile 5 being the richest 20 percent of students.


MICS: Gini coefficient of average years of schooling. Age 15+. Quintile 3

Gini coefficient of average years of schooling. Age 15+. Quintile 3 measures the degree of inequality in years of schooling in a society. It is calculated similarly to the Gini coefficient of income or wealth. Results range from 0 to 100 with 0 indicating perfect equality and 100 indicating perfect inequality. Each poverty quintile represents one fifth of students with quintile 1 being the poorest 20 percent of students and quintile 5 being the richest 20 percent of students.


MICS: Gini coefficient of average years of schooling. Age 15+. Quintile 4

Gini coefficient of average years of schooling. Age 15+. Quintile 4 measures the degree of inequality in years of schooling in a society. It is calculated similarly to the Gini coefficient of income or wealth. Results range from 0 to 100 with 0 indicating perfect equality and 100 indicating perfect inequality. Each poverty quintile represents one fifth of students with quintile 1 being the poorest 20 percent of students and quintile 5 being the richest 20 percent of students.


MICS: Gini coefficient of average years of schooling. Age 15+. Quintile 5

Gini coefficient of average years of schooling. Age 15+. Quintile 5 measures the degree of inequality in years of schooling in a society. It is calculated similarly to the Gini coefficient of income or wealth. Results range from 0 to 100 with 0 indicating perfect equality and 100 indicating perfect inequality. Each poverty quintile represents one fifth of students with quintile 1 being the poorest 20 percent of students and quintile 5 being the richest 20 percent of students.


MICS: Gini coefficient of average years of schooling. Age 15+. Rural

Gini coefficient of average years of schooling. Age 15+. Rural measures the degree of inequality in years of schooling in a society. It is calculated similarly to the Gini coefficient of income or wealth. Results range from 0 to 100 with 0 indicating perfect equality and 100 indicating perfect inequality.


MICS: Gini coefficient of average years of schooling. Age 15+. Urban

Gini coefficient of average years of schooling. Age 15+. Urban measures the degree of inequality in years of schooling in a society. It is calculated similarly to the Gini coefficient of income or wealth. Results range from 0 to 100 with 0 indicating perfect equality and 100 indicating perfect inequality.


Predictability of Transfers from Higher Level of Government


(i) Annual deviation of actual total HLG transfers from the original total estimated amount provided by HLG to the SN entity for inclusion in the latter’s budget


(ii) Annual variance between actual and estimated transfers of earmarked grants


(iii) In-year timeliness of transfers from HLG (compliance with timetables for in-year distribution of disbursements agreed within one month of the start of the SN fiscal year)


Household Access to Electricity: Total (in % of total household)

Indonesia Database for Policy and Economic Research

BADAN PUSAT STATISTIK - Statistics Indonesia, National Social Economic Survey (SUSENAS)


Household Access to Safe Water (in % of total household)

Safe water consists bottled water, refill water, tap water, protected well with distance >=10m from septic tank, protected spring with distance >=10m from septic tank.


Household Access to Fixed Line Phone Connection (in % of total Household)

BADAN PUSAT STATISTIK - Statistics Indonesia, Village Census (PODES)


Household Access to safe Sanitation (in % of total Household)

Safe Sanitation means each households has private toilet and not using shared/public toilet.


Monthly Per Capita Household Education Expenditure (in IDR)


Monthly Per Capita Household Health Expenditure (in IDR)


Household per capita expenditure (in IDR)


Monthly Per Capita TOTAL Household Expenditure for The Poorest 20 percent (in IDR)


ATMs per 100,000 adults

Denotes the total number of ATMs for every 100,000 adults in the reporting country. Calculated as (number of ATMs)*100,000/adult population in the reporting country. Automated teller machines are computerized telecommunications devices that provide client

International Monetary Fund, Financial Access Survey.


SME deposit accounts (as a % of non-financial corporation borrowers)


SME loan accounts (as a % of non-financial corporation borrowers)


Mobile agent outlets per 100,000 adults

Denotes the number of registered mobile agent outlets per 100,000 adults


Mobile money transactions per 100,000 adults


Open Budget Index Overall Country Score

Open Budget Index scores countries from zero to 100, based on a subset of 91 questions from the questionnaire. These questions focus on the public availability of eight key budget documents (with a particular emphasis on the Executive’s Budget Proposal), and on the information they contain. A score of 81-100 indicates that a given country provides extensive information in its budget documents, a score of 61-80 indicates significant information, 41-60 indicates some  information, 21-40 indicates minimal information, and zero-20 indicates scant or no information.


Ease of doing business score (0 = lowest performance to 100 = best performance)

The ease of doing business scores benchmark economies with respect to regulatory best practice, showing the proximity to the best regulatory performance on each Doing Business indicator. An economy’s score is indicated on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance.

World Bank, Doing Business project (http://www.doingbusiness.org/). NOTE: Doing Business has been discontinued as of 9/16/2021. For more information: https://bit.ly/3CLCbme


Protecting investors, director liability index

Director liability index measures a plaintiff’s ability to hold directors of firms liable for damages to the company, that is, measures the strength of minority shareholder protections against directors’ misuse of corporate assets for personal gain.  The indicators distinguish 3 dimensions of investor protection: transparency of transactions (extent of disclosure index), liability for self-dealing (extent of director liability index) and shareholders’ ability to sue officers and directors for misconduct (ease of shareholder suits index). The data come from a survey of corporate lawyers and are based on company laws, court rules of evidence and securities regulations.  For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.

World Bank, Doing Business project (http://www.doingbusiness.org/).


Business extent of disclosure index (0=less disclosure to 10=more disclosure)

Disclosure index measures the extent to which investors are protected through disclosure of ownership and financial information. The index ranges from 0 to 10, with higher values indicating more disclosure.


Global: Ease of doing business score (DB10-14 methodology)

The ease of doing business score is the simple average of the scores for each of the Doing Business topics: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. The score is computed based on the methodology in the DB10-14 studies for topics that underwent methodology updates.


Global: Ease of doing business score (DB15 methodology)

The ease of doing business score is the simple average of the scores for each of the Doing Business topics: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. The score is computed based on the methodology in the DB15 studies for topics that underwent methodology updates.


Global: Ease of doing business score (DB17-20 methodology)

The ease of doing business score is the simple average of the scores for each of the Doing Business topics: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. The score is computed based on the methodology in the DB17-20 studies for topics that underwent methodology updates.


Ease of doing business rank (1=most business-friendly regulations)

Ease of doing business ranks economies from 1 to 190, with first place being the best. The ranking of economies is determined by sorting the aggregate ease of doing business scores. A high ranking (a low numerical rank) means that the regulatory environment is conducive to business operation.


Protecting investors, investor protection index

Protecting investors disclosure index measures the degree to which investors are protected through disclosure of ownership and financial information. For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


New business density (new registrations per 1,000 people ages 15-64)

New business density is defined as the number of newly registered companies with limited liability
per 1,000 working-age adults (ages 15–64) per calendar year.

World Bank's Entrepreneurship Database (https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/entrepreneurship).


New businesses registered (number)

New businesses registered are the number of new limited liability corporations (or its equivalent) registered in the calendar year.


Business entry rate (new registrations as % of total)


Protecting investors, shareholder suits index

Doing Business measures the strength of minority shareholder protections against directors’ misuse of corporate assets for personal gain. The indicators distinguish 3 dimensions of investor protection: transparency of transactions (extent of disclosure index), liability for self-dealing (extent of director liability index) and shareholders’ ability to sue officers and directors for misconduct (ease of shareholder suits index). The data come from a survey of corporate lawyers and are based on company laws, court rules of evidence and securities regulations.  For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


Protecting investors (rank)

This index averages the country's percentile rankings on: disclosure Index


Closing a business, cost (% of estate)

The cost of the proceedings is recorded as a percentage of the estate’s value. The cost is calculated on the basis of survey responses by insolvency practitioners and includes court fees as well as fees of insolvency practitioners, independent assessors, lawyers and accountants. Respondents provide cost estimates from among the following options: less than 2%, 2–5%, 5–8%, 8–11%, 11–18%, 18–25%, 25–33%, 33–50%, 50–75% and more than 75% of the value of the business estate.  This is the cost of the bankruptcy proceedings.  For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


Closing a business, time (years)

Time is recorded in calendar years. Information is collected on the sequence of procedures and on whether any procedures can be carried out simultaneously. Potential delay tactics by the parties, such as the filing of dilatory appeals or requests for extension, are taken into consideration.  For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


Closing a business, recovery rate (cents on the dollar)

The recovery rate is recorded as cents on the dollar recouped by creditors through the bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings. The calculation takes into account whether the business emerges from the proceedings as a going concern as well as costs and the loss in value due to the time spent closing down. If the business keeps operating, no value is lost on the initial claim, set at 100 cents on the dollar. If it does not, the initial 100 cents on the dollar are reduced to 70 cents on the dollar. Then the official costs of the insolvency procedure are deducted (1 cent for each percentage of the initial value). Finally, the value lost as a result of the time the money remains tied up in insolvency proceedings is taken into account, including the loss of value due to depreciation of the hotel furniture. Consistent with international accounting practice, the depreciation rate for furniture is taken to be 20%. The furniture is assumed to account for a quarter of the total value of assets. The recovery rate is the present value of the remaining proceeds, based on end-2006 lending rates from the International Monetary Fund’s International Financial Statistics, supplemented with data from central banks.  For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


Closing a business (rank)

This index averages the country's percentile rankings on: time, cost (% of estate) and recovery rate (cents on the dollar), giving equal weight to each topic.  For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


Corruption (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Is the share of senior managers who ranked corruption as a major or very severe constraint.

World Bank, Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/).


Crime (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Is the share of senior managers who ranked crime, theft, and disorder as a major or very severe constraint.


Electricity (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Is the share of senior managers who ranked electricity as a major or severe constraint.


Finance (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Is the share of senior managers who ranked access to finance or cost of finance as a major or very severe constraint.


Firms that share or own their own generator (% of firms)

Firms that share or own their own generator is the percentage of firms that responded “Yes” to the following question: “Does your establishment own or share a generator?” .  For survey data collected in 2006 and 2007, this indicator is computed for the ma


Days to Obtain Import License

The average wait, in days, experienced to obtain operating license from the day the establishment applied for it to the day it was granted.


Practices Informal Sector (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Is the share of senior managers who ranked chose practices informal sector  as a major or very severe constraint.


Access to Land (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Is the share of senior managers who ranked access to land as a major or very severe constraint.


Labor regulations (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Is the share of senior managers who ranked labor regulations as a major or severe constraint.


Labor skills (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Is the share of senior managers who ranked skills of available workers as a major or severe constraint.


Courts (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Is the share of senior managers who ranked courts and dispute resolution systems as a major or very severe constraint.


Licenses & Permits (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Is the share of senior managers who ranked licenses and permits as a major or severe constraint.


Losses Due to Theft, Robbery, Vandalism, and Arson Against the Firm (% of Sales)

Estimated losses as a result of theft, robbery, vandalism or arson that occurred on establishment’s premises calculated as a percentage of annual sales.


Days to Obtain Construction-related Permit

Average wait, in days, experienced to obtain construction-related permit from the day the establishment applied for it to the day it was granted.


Policy uncertainty (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Is the share of senior managers who ranked economic and regulatory policy uncertainty as a major or very severe constraint.


Tax administration (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Is the share of senior managers who ranked tax administration as a major or very severe constraint.


Tax rates (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Is the share of senior managers who ranked tax rates as a major or very severe constraint.


Customs & trade regulations (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Is the share of senior managers who ranked customs and trade regulations as a major or very severe constraint.


Transportation (% of managers surveyed ranking this as a major constraint)

Is the share of senior managers who ranked transport as a major or very severe constraint.


Dealing with construction permits: Liability and insurance regimes index (0-2) (DB16-20 methodology)

The liability and insurance regimes index evaluates the stringency of latent defect liability and insurance regimes. It has two components: (i) whether any parties involved in the construction process are held legally liable for latent defects such as structural flaws or problems in the building once it is in use; (ii) whether any party involved in the construction process is legally required to obtain a latent defect liability or decennial (10 years) liability insurance policy to cover possible structural flaws or problems in the building once it is in use. The index is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Dealing with construction permits: Professional certifications index (0-4) (DB16-20 methodology)

The professional certifications index evaluates professional certi?cation requirements. It has two components: (i) the qualification requirements of the professional responsible for verifying that the architectural plans or drawings are in compliance with the building regulations; and (ii) the qualification requirements of the professional who conducts the technical inspections during construction. The index is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Dealing with construction permits: Building quality control index (0-15) (DB16-20 methodology) - Score

The score for the building quality control index benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance, and is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Dealing with construction permits: Cost (% of Warehouse value)

The cost records all official costs associated with completing the procedures to legally build a warehouse, including the costs associated with obtaining land use approvals and preconstruction design clearances; receiving inspections before, during and after construction; obtaining utility connections; and registering the warehouse at the property registry. It is calculated as a percentage of the warehouse value. Nonrecurring taxes required for the completion of the warehouse project are also recorded. Sales taxes (such as value added tax) or capital gains taxes are not recorded. Nor are deposits that must be paid up front and are later refunded.


Dealing with construction permits: Cost (% of Warehouse value) - Score

The score for cost benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance.


Dealing with construction permits (DB06-15 methodology) - Score

The score for dealing with construction permits is the simple average of the scores for each of the component indicators: the procedures, time, cost to deal with construction permits, as well as the building quality control index that evaluate the quality of building regulations, the strength of quality control and safety mechanisms, liability and insurance regimes and professional certification requirements. The score is computed based on the methodology in the DB06-15 studies.


Dealing with construction permits (DB16-20 methodology) - Score

The score for dealing with construction permits is the simple average of the scores for each of the component indicators: the procedures, time, cost to deal with construction permits, as well as the building quality control index that evaluate the quality of building regulations, the strength of quality control and safety mechanisms, liability and insurance regimes and professional certification requirements. The score is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Dealing with construction permits: Procedures (number)

The number of procedures records all interactions of the building company’s employees or any party acting on its behalf with external parties, including government agencies, notaries, the land registry, the cadastre, utility companies and public inspectors. Procedures that the company undergoes to connect the warehouse to water and sewerage are included. All procedures that are legally required and that are done in practice by a majority of companies  are counted, even if they may be avoided in exceptional cases.


Dealing with construction permits: Procedures (number) - Score

The score for the number procedures benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance.


Dealing with construction permits: Quality of building regulations index (0-2) (DB16-20 methodology)

The quality of building regulations index evaluates the accessibility and transparency of building regulations. It has two components: (i) whether building regulations are easily accessible; and (ii) whether the requirements for obtaining a building permit are clearly specified. The index is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Dealing with construction permits: Quality control after construction index (0-3) (DB16-20 methodology)

The quality control after construction index evaluates quality control after the construction process. It has two components: (i) whether a final inspection is mandated by law to verify that the building was built in accordance with the approved plans and existing building regulations; and (ii) whether the final inspection is implemented in practice. The index is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Dealing with construction permits: Quality control before construction index (0-1) (DB16-20 methodology)

The quality control before construction index evaluates quality control in the review of the building plans. The index measures whether by law, a licensed architect or engineer is part of the committee or team that reviews and approves building permit applications and whether that person has the authority to refuse an application if the plans are not in conformity with regulations. The index is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Dealing with construction permits: Quality control during construction index (0-3) (DB16-20 methodology)

The quality control during construction index evaluates quality control during the construction process. It has two components: (i) whether inspections are mandated by law during the construction process; (ii) whether inspections during construction are implemented in practice. The index is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Rank: Dealing with construction permits (1=most business-friendly regulations)

The ranking of economies on the ease of dealing with construction permits is determined by sorting their scores for dealing with construction permits.


Dealing with construction permits: Time (days)

The time captures the median duration that local experts indicate is necessary to complete a procedure in practice. It is calculated in calendar days. The time estimates of all procedures are added to calculate the total time required to complete each procedure, taking into account simultaneity of processes. It is assumed that the minimum time required for each procedure is one day, except for procedures that can be fully completed online, for which the time required is recorded as half a day.


Dealing with construction permits: Time (days)  - Score

The score for time benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance.


Expected to give gifts to get a Construction Permit (% of firms)

Percentage of firms expected to give gifts or an informal payment to get a construction permit.


Depth of credit information index (0=low to 8=high)

Depth of credit information index measures rules affecting the scope, accessibility, and quality of credit information available through public or private credit registries. The index ranges from 0 to 8, with higher values indicating the availability of more credit information, from either a public registry or a private bureau, to facilitate lending decisions.


Getting credit, legal rights index

The strength of legal rights index measures the degree to which collateral and bankruptcy laws protect the rights of borrowers and lenders and thus facilitate lending.  For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


Private credit bureau coverage (borrowers per 1,000 adults)


Private credit bureau coverage (% of adults)

Private credit bureau coverage reports the number of individuals or firms listed by a private credit bureau with current information on repayment history, unpaid debts, or credit outstanding. The number is expressed as a percentage of the adult population.


Public credit registry coverage (borrowers per 1,000 adults)


Public credit registry coverage (% of adults)

Public credit registry coverage reports the number of individuals and firms listed in a public credit registry with current information on repayment history, unpaid debts, or credit outstanding. The number is expressed as a percentage of the adult population.


Getting credit (rank)

This index ranks economies from 1 to N (number of economies varies by year), with first place being the best.  This index averages (a) Legal Rights Index, which measures the degree to which collateral and bankruptcy laws facilitate lending, (b) a Credit Information Index, which measures rules affecting the scope, access, and quality of credit information, (c) public credit registry coverage, and  (d) private credit bureau coverage, giving equal weight to each topic.  For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


Getting Credit total score (DB05-14 methodology)

The total score for getting credit is the sum of the strength of legal rights index and the depth of credit information index, based on the methodology in the DB05-14 studies.


Getting Credit total score (DB15-20 methodology)

The total score for getting credit is the sum of the strength of legal rights index and the depth of credit information index, based on the methodology in the DB15-20 studies.


Getting credit (DB05-14 methodology) - Score

The score for getting credit benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator set. The score is indicated on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance, and is computed based on the methodology in the DB05-14 studies.


Getting credit (DB15-20 methodology) - Score

The score for getting credit benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator set. The score is indicated on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance, and is computed based on the methodology in the DB15-20 studies.


Rank: Getting credit (1=most business-friendly regulations)

The ranking of economies on the ease of getting credit is determined by sorting their scores for getting credit.


Getting credit: Depth of credit information index (0-6) (DB05-14 methodology)

The depth of credit information index measures the coverage, scope and accessibility of credit information available through credit reporting service providers such as credit bureaus or credit registries. The index ranges from 0 to 8 based on the methodology in the DB05-14 studies.


Getting credit: Depth of credit information index (0-6) (DB05-14 methodology) - Score

The score for the depth of credit information benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score is indicated on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance, and is computed based on the methodology in the DB05-14 studies.


Getting credit: Depth of credit information index (0-8) (DB15-20 methodology)

The depth of credit information index measures the coverage, scope and accessibility of credit information available through credit reporting service providers such as credit bureaus or credit registries. The index ranges from 0 to 8 based on the methodology in the DB15-20 studies.


Getting credit: Depth of credit information index (0-8) (DB15-20 methodology) - Score

The score for the depth of credit information benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score is indicated on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance, and is computed based on the methodology in the DB15-20 studies.


Getting credit: Strength of legal rights index (0-10) (DB05-14 methodology) - Score

The score for the strength of legal rights benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score is indicated on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance, and is computed based on the methodology in the DB05-14 studies.


Getting credit: Strength of legal rights index (0-12) (DB15-20 methodology) - Score

The score for the strength of legal rights benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score is indicated on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance, and is computed based on the methodology in the DB15-20 studies.


Getting credit: Strength of legal rights index (0-10) (DB05-14 methodology)

The strength of legal rights index measures whether certain features that facilitate lending exist within the applicable collateral and bankruptcy laws. The index ranges from 0 to 10 based on the methodology in the DB05-14 studies.


Getting credit: Strength of legal rights index (0-12) (DB15-20 methodology)

The strength of legal rights index measures whether certain features that facilitate lending exist within the applicable collateral and bankruptcy laws. The index ranges from 0 to 12 based on the methodology in the DB15-20 studies.


Getting credit: Credit bureau coverage (% of adults)

The credit bureau coverage reports the number of individuals and firms listed in a credit bureau’s database as of January 1 with information on their borrowing history from the past five years, and the number of individuals and firms that have had no borrowing history in the past five years but for which a lender requested a credit report from the bureau in the previous calendar year. The number is expressed as a percentage of the adult population.


Getting credit: Credit registry coverage (% of adults)

The credit registry coverage reports the number of individuals and firms listed in a credit registry’s database as of January 1 with information on their borrowing history from the past five years, and the number of individuals and firms that have had no borrowing history in the past five years but for which a lender requested a credit report from the registry in the previous calendar year. The number is expressed as a percentage of the adult population.


Average time to clear exports through customs (days)

Average time to clear exports through customs is the average number of days to clear direct exports through customs.


Average time to clear imports from customs (days)

"Average time to clear imports through customs is the average number of days to clear imports through customs.
  For survey data collected in 2006 and 2007, this indicator is computed for the Manufacturing module only.


Dealing with construction permits: Building quality control index (0-15) (DB16-20 methodology)

The building quality control index is the sum of the following six indices: quality of building regulations, quality control before construction, quality control during construction, quality control after construction, liability and insurance regimes and professional certifications. The component indicator is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Products shipped to supply domestic markets lost due to breakage or spoilage (%)

Percentage of products shipped to supply domestic markets lost due to breakage or spoilage.


Products shipped to supply domestic markets lost due to theft (%)

Losses of the products shipped to supply domestic markets while in transit because of theft (computed as percentage of the consignment values).  For survey data collected in 2006 and 2007, this indicator is computed for the Manufacturing module only.


Getting electricity (DB10-15 methodology) - Score

The score for getting electricity is the simple average of the scores for each of the component indicators: the procedures, time, cost for a business to obtain a permanent electricity connection and supply for a standardized warehouse, as well as the reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index. The score is computed based on the methodology in the DB10-15 studies.


Getting electricity (DB16-20 methodology) - Score

The score for getting electricity is the simple average of the scores for each of the component indicators: the procedures, time, cost for a business to obtain a permanent electricity connection and supply for a standardized warehouse, as well as the reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index. The score is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Rank: Getting electricity (1=most business-friendly regulations)


Getting electricity: Cost to get electricity (% of income per capita)

The cost is the total median cost associated with completing the procedures to connect a warehouse to electricity. It is calculated as a percentage of income per capita. All the fees and costs associated with completing the procedures to connect a warehouse to electricity are recorded, including those related to obtaining clearances from government agencies, applying for the connection, receiving inspections of both the site and the internal wiring, purchasing material, getting the actual connection works and paying a security deposit. Bribes are not included.


Getting electricity: Cost to get electricity (% of income per capita) - Score

The score for cost benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance.


Getting electricity: Communication of tariffs and tariff changes (0-1) (DB16-20 methodology)

The communication of tariffs and tariff changes index evaluates whether electricity tariffs are transparent. A score of 1 is assigned if effective tariffs are available online and customers are notified of a change in tariff a full billing cycle (that is, one month) ahead of time. The index is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Time to obtain an electrical connection (days)

The average wait, in days, experienced to obtain an electrical connection from the day an establishment applies for it to the day it receives the service.


Electricity from Generator (%)

Percentage of electricity supplied from a generator or generators that the establishment owned or shared.   For survey data collected in 2006 and 2007, this indicator is computed for the Manufacturing module only.


Expected to give gifts to get an electrical connection (% of firms)

Percentage of firms expected to give gifts or an informal payment to get an electrical connection.


Getting electricity: Financial deterrents aimed at limiting outages (0-1) (DB16-20 methodology)

Th financial deterrents index evaluates whether financial deterrents exist to limit outages. A score of 1 is assigned if the utility compensates customers when outages exceed a certain cap, if the utility is fined by the regulator when outages exceed a certain cap or if both these conditions are met. The index is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Getting electricity: Mechanisms for monitoring outages (0-1) (DB16-20 methodology)

The mechanisms for monitoring outages index evaluates what tools are used by the distribution utility to monitor power outages. A score of 1 is assigned if the utility uses automated tools, such as an Outage/Incident Management System (OMS/IMS) or Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system. The index is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Power outages in firms in a typical month (number)

Power outages are the average number of power outages that establishments experience in a typical month.


Getting electricity: Total duration and frequency of outages per customer a year (0-3) (DB16-20 methodology)

The total duration and frequency of outages per customer a year index evaluates the quality of the power supply. If SAIDI and SAIFI are 12 (equivalent to an outage of one hour each month) or below, a score of 1 is assigned. If SAIDI and SAIFI are 4 (equivalent to an outage of one hour each quarter) or below, 1 additional point is assigned. If SAIDI and SAIFI are 1 (equivalent to an outage of one hour per year) or below, 1 more point is assigned. The index is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Average duration of power outages (hours)

Average number of hours of power outages.


Getting electricity: Minimum outage time (in minutes)  (DB16-20 methodology)

The minimum outage time is the minimum time, in minutes, considered for the calculation of the SAIDI and SAIFI indices. If the minimum outage time exceeds 5 minutes, an economy is not eligible to obtain a score on the Reliability of supply and transparency of tariff index component. The index is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Firms experiencing electrical outages (% of firms)

Percent of firms experiencing electrical outages during the previous fiscal year.


Getting electricity: Price of electricity (US cents per kWh) (DB16-20 methodology)

The price of electricity is measured in U.S. cents per kWh. A monthly electricity consumption is assumed, for which a bill is then computed for a warehouse based in the largest business city of the economy for the month of March. The bill is then expressed back as a unit of kWh. The index is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Getting electricity: Procedures (number)

The number of procedures records all the procedures required in practice for businesses to obtain a new electrical connection. A procedure is defined as any interaction of the company’s employees or its main electrician or electrical engineer with external parties, such as the electricity distribution utility, electricity supply utilities, government agencies, electrical contractors and firms. Interactions between company employees and steps related to the internal electrical wiring, such as the design and execution of the internal electrical installation plans, are not counted as procedures. However, internal wiring inspections and certifications that are prerequisites to obtain a new connection are counted as procedures.


Getting electricity: Procedures (number) - Score

The score for the number of procedures benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance.


Getting electricity: Regulatory monitoring (0-1) (DB16-20 methodology)

The regulatory monitoring index evaluates whether a regulator—that is, an entity separate from the utility—monitors the utility’s performance on reliability of supply. A score of 1 is assigned if the regulator performs periodic or real-time reviews. The index is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Getting electricity: Mechanisms for restoring service (0-1) (DB16-20 methodology)

The mechanisms for restoring service index evaluates what tools are used by the distribution utility to restore power supply. A score of 1 is assigned if the utility uses automated tools, such as an OMS/IMS or SCADA system. The index is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Getting electricity: Reliability of supply and transparency of tariff index (0-8) (DB16-20 methodology)

The reliability of supply and transparency of tariff index is calculated on the basis of the following six components: (i) duration and frequency of power outages, (ii) tools to monitor power outages, (iii) tools to restore power supply, (iv) regulatory monitoring of utilities’ performance, (v) financial deterrents aimed at limiting outages, and (vi) transparency and accessibility of tariffs. An economy is eligible to obtain a score on the reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index only if (i) the utility collects data on all types of outages (average total duration of outages per customer and the average number of outages per customer), including planned and unplanned outages, as well as load shedding, with the minimum outage time of not more than 5 minutes; and (ii) the SAIDI value is below a threshold of 100 hours and the SAIFI value is under 100 outages. The component indicator is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Getting electricity: Reliability of supply and transparency of tariff index (0-8) (DB16-20 methodology) - Score

The score for the reliability of supply and transparency of tariff index benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance, and is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Getting electricity: System average interruption duration index (SAIDI) (DB16-20 methodology)

The system average interruption duration index is the average total duration of outages (in hours) experienced by a customer in a year. The index is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Getting electricity: System average interruption frequency index (SAIFI) (DB16-20 methodology)

The system average interruption frequency index (SAIFI) is the average number of service interruptions experienced by a customer in a year. The index is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Time required to get electricity (days)

Time required to get electricity is the number of days to obtain a permanent electricity connection. The measure captures the median duration that the electricity utility and experts indicate is necessary in practice, rather than required by law, to complete a procedure.


Getting electricity: Time (days) - Score

The score for time benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance.


Cost to get electricity connection (% of income per capita)

The cost is recorded as a percentage of the economy’s income per capita. Costs are recorded exclusive of value added tax.


Procedures required to get electricity (number)

The number of procedures to obtain a permanent electricity connection. A procedure is defined as any interaction of the company employees or the company’s main electrician with external parties.


The number of days to obtain a permanent electricity connection. The measure captures the median duration that the electricity utility and experts indicate is necessary in practice, rather than required by law, to complete a procedure.


Getting electricity (rank)

This index averages the country's percentile rankings on the challenges required for a business to obtain a permanent electricity connection for a newly constructed warehouse. Included are the number of steps, time, and cost.


Firing cost (weeks of wages)

Firing cost is the cost of advanced notice requirements, severance payments, and penalties due when terminating a redundant worker, expressed in weekly wages. One month is recorded as 4 1/3 weeks.


Employees offered formal training (%)

Percentage of workers offered formal training. For survey data collected in 2006 and 2007, this indicator is computed for the Manufacturing module only.


Cost to export (US$ per container)

Cost measures the fees levied on a 20-foot container in U.S. dollars. All the fees associated with completing the procedures to export or import the goods are included. These include costs for documents, administrative fees for customs clearance and technical control, customs broker fees, terminal handling charges and inland transport. The cost measure does not include tariffs or trade taxes. Only official costs are recorded. Several assumptions are made for the business surveyed: Has 60 or more employees; Is located in the country's most populous city; Is a private, limited liability company. It does not operate within an export processing zone or an industrial estate with special export or import privileges; Is domestically owned with no foreign ownership; Exports more than 10% of its sales. Assumptions about the traded goods: The traded product travels in a dry-cargo, 20-foot, full container load. The product: Is not hazardous nor does it include military items; Does not require refrigeration or any other special environment; Does not require any special phytosanitary or environmental safety standards other than accepted international standards.


Cost to export, border compliance (US$)

Border compliance captures the time and cost associated with compliance with the economy’s customs regulations and with regulations relating to other inspections that are mandatory in order for the shipment to cross the economy’s border, as well as the time and cost for handling that takes place at its port or border. The time and cost for this segment include time and cost for customs clearance and inspection procedures conducted by other government agencies.


Cost to export, documentary compliance (US$)

Documentary compliance captures the time and cost associated with compliance with the documentary requirements of all government agencies of the origin economy, the destination economy and any transit economies. The aim is to measure the total burden of preparing the bundle of documents that will enable completion of the international trade for the product and partner pair assumed in the case study.


Documents to export (number)

All documents required per shipment to export goods are recorded. It is assumed that the contract has already been agreed upon and signed by both parties. Documents required for clearance by government ministries, customs authorities, port and container terminal authorities, health and technical control agencies and banks are taken into account. Since payment is by letter of credit, all documents required by banks for the issuance or securing of a letter of credit are also taken into account. Documents that are renewed annually and that do not require renewal per shipment (for example, an annual tax clearance certificate) are not included.


Time to export (days)

Time to export is the time necessary to comply with all procedures required to export goods. Time is recorded in calendar days. The time calculation for a procedure starts from the moment it is initiated and runs until it is completed. If a procedure can be accelerated for an additional cost, the fastest legal procedure is chosen. It is assumed that neither the exporter nor the importer wastes time and that each commits to completing each remaining procedure without delay. Procedures that can be completed in parallel are measured as simultaneous. The waiting time between procedures--for example, during unloading of the cargo--is included in the measure.


Time to export, border compliance (hours)


Time to export, documentary compliance (hours)


Firms with a Checking or Savings Account (% of firms)

Percentage of firms with a checking and/or savings account.


Age of firm (years)

Age of the firm based on the year in which the firm began operations.


Firms with annual Financial Statement reviewed by External Auditor (% of firms)

Percentage of firms with their annual financial statement reviewed by an external auditor.


Firms using banks to finance working capital (% of firms)

Firms using banks to finance working capital are the percentage of firms using bank loans to finance working capital.


Firms using banks to finance investment (% of firms)

Firms using banks to finance investment are the percentage of firms using banks to finance investments.


Bribery depth (% of public transactions where a gift or informal payment was requested)

The depth of Bribery is the percentage of instances in which a firm was either expected or requested to provide a gift or informal payment during solicitations for public services, licenses or permits. This measure uses data from 6 survey questions for each firm. For purposes of computation, a refusal to answer a particular survey question is considered an affirmative answer.


Bribery incidence (percent of firms experiencing at least one bribe payment request)

The percent of firms experiencing at least one bribe payment request across 6 public transactions dealing with utilities access, permits, licenses, and taxes.


Bribery incidence (% of firms experiencing at least one bribe payment request)

Bribery incidence is the percentage of firms experiencing at least one bribe payment request across 6 public transactions dealing with utilities access, permits, licenses, and taxes.


Firms competing against unregistered firms (% of firms)

Firms competing against unregistered firms are the percentage of firms competing against unregistered or informal firms.


Firms identifying practices of competitors in the Informal Sector as a major constraint (% of firms)

Percentage of firms identifying practices of competitors in the informal sector as a "major" or "very severe" obstacle.


Firms identifying corruption as a major constraint (% of firms)

Percentage of firms identifying corruption as a "major" or "very severe" obstacle.


Percent of firms expected to give gifts in meetings with tax officials

Percentage of firms expected to give gifts or informal payments during meetings with tax officials.


Percent of firms expected to give gifts to get an operating license

Percentage of firms expected to give gifts or informal payments to get an operating license. Spontaneous refusals to the question are treated as a Yes.


Percent of firms identifying corruption as a major constraint


Percent of firms expected to give gifts to secure government contract

Percentage of establishments that consider that firms with characteristics similar to theirs are making informal payments or giving gifts to public officials to secure government contract.


Value of gift expected to secure a government contract (% of contract value)

Percentage of contract value expected as a gift to secure government contract. Only firms that have confirmed that they have secured or attempted to secure a government contract in the last 12 months were required to answer this question.


Percent of firms expected to give gifts to public officials "to get things done"

Percentage of establishments that consider that firms with characteristics similar to theirs are making informal payments or giving gifts to public officials to "get things done" with regard to customs, taxes, licenses, regulations, services etc.


Percent of firms expected to give gifts to get an electrical connection

Percentage of firms expected to give gifts or informal payments to get an electrical connection.


Percent of firms expected to give gifts to get a water connection

Percentage of firms expected to give gifts or informal payments to get a water connection.


Percent of firms expected to give gifts to get a construction permit

Percentage of firms expected to give gifts or informal payments to get a construction permit.


Percent of firms expected to give gifts to get an import license

Percentage of firms expected to give gifts or informal payments to get an import license.


Percent of firms identifying the courts system as a major constraint

Percentage of firms identifying functioning of the courts as major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment.


Informal payments to public officials (% of firms)

Informal payments to public officials are the percentage of firms expected to make informal payments to public officials to "get things done" with regard to customs, taxes, licenses, regulations, services, and the like.


Dealing with construction permits, cost (% of income per capita)

Cost is recorded as a percentage of the economy’s income per capita. Only official costs are recorded. All the fees associated with completing the procedures to legally build a warehouse are recorded, including those associated with obtaining land use approvals and preconstruction design clearances; receiving inspections before, during and after construction; getting utility connections; and registering the warehouse property. Nonrecurring taxes required for the completion of the warehouse project also are recorded. The building code, information from local experts and specific regulations and fee schedules are used as sources for costs. If several local partners provide different estimates, the median reported value is used.


Firms with Line of Credit or Loans from Financial Institutions (% of firms)

Percentage of firms with bank loans or line of credit.


Losses due to theft and vandalism (% of annual sales for affected firms)

Average losses as a result of theft, robbery, vandalism or arson that occurred on the establishment’s premises calculated as a percentage of annual sales. The value represents the average losses for all firms which reported losses (please see indicator IC.FRM.THEV.ZS).

World Bank, Enterprise Surveys (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/)


Percent of firms paying for security

Percentage of firms paying for security, for example equipment, personnel, or professional security services.


Percent of firms experiencing losses due to theft and vandalism

Percent of firms experiencing losses due to theft, robbery, vandalism or arson that occurred on the establishment's premises


If the establishment pays for security, average security costs (% of annual sales)

Average security costs as a percentage of total annual sales for firms that pay for security.


If there were losses, average losses due to theft and vandalism (% of annual sales)

If there were losses, estimated losses as a result of theft, robbery, vandalism or arson that occurred on establishment's premises calculated as a percentage of annual sales.


Products shipped to supply domestic markets that were lost due to theft (% of product value)

Value of losses of products, due to theft, while in transit to domestic markets.


Percent of firms identifying crime, theft and disorder as a major constraint

Percentage of firms identifying crime, theft and disorder as a "major" or "very severe" obstacle.


Believing the court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupted (% of firms identifying this as a major contraint)

Percentage of firms believing the court system is fair, impartial and uncorrupted as a major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment.


Firms that trade identifying customs & trade regulations as a major constraint (% of firms)

Percentage of firms that trade identifying customs & trade regulations as a major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment.


Time required to obtain an operating license (days)

Time required to obtain operating license is the average wait to obtain an operating license from the day the establishment applied for it to the day it was granted.


Electricity (% of firms identifying this as a major constraint)

Percentage of firms identifying corruption as a major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment.


Firms using email to communicate with clients/suppliers (% of firms)

Percentage of firms using the email for communication with clients or suppliers.


Annual employment growth (%)

Annualized growth of permanent full-time workers expressed as a percentage. Annual employment growth is the change in full-time employment reported in the current fiscal year from a previous period. For most countries the difference between the two fiscal year periods is two years. However, for some countries the interval is three years. Hence, an annualized measure is used.


Average number of permanent, full time employees

Average number of permanent, full time workers.


Average number of skilled production employees

Average number of skilled production workers


Average number of seasonal/temporary, full-time employees


Average number of unskilled production workers.  For survey data collected in 2006 and 2007, this indicator is computed for the Manufacturing module only.


Exporter firms (% of firms)

Percentage of firms that export directly or indirectly.


Age of the establishment (years)

Age of the firm based on the year in which the firm began operations.


Proportion of private domestic ownership in a firm (%)

Percentage of the firm owned by domestic individuals, companies or organizations.


Percent of firms with at least 10% of foreign ownership

Percentage of firms that have at least 10% owned by private foreign individuals, companies or organizations.


Percent of firms with at least 10% of government/state ownership

Percentage of firms where the government or state has at least a 10% share in ownership of the firm.


Percent of firms with legal status of Sole Proprietorship


Firms with female top manager (% of firms)

Firms with female top manager refers to the percentage of firms in the private sector who have females as top managers. Top manager refers to the highest ranking manager or CEO of the establishment. This person may be the owner if he/she works as the manager of the firm. The results are based on surveys of more than 100,000 private firms.


Firms with female participation in ownership (% of firms)

Firms with female participation in ownership are the percentage of firms with a woman among the principal owners.


Full time female workers (%)

Percentage of full-time workers that are female.


Percent of firms buying fixed assets

Percent of firms buying fixed assets such as machinery, equipment, land or buildings.


Proportion of investment financed internally (%)

Estimated proportion of purchases of fixed assets that was financed from internal funds/retained earnings.


Value of collateral needed for a loan (% of the loan amount)

Value of collateral needed for a loan or line of credit as a percentage of the loan value or the value of the line of credit.


Proportion of loans requiring collateral (%)

Loans requiring collateral in order to get the financing.


Percent of firms using banks to finance investments

Percentage of firms using banks to finance purchases of fixed assets.


Percent of firms using banks to finance working capital

Percentage of firms using bank loans to finance working capital.


Percent of firms with a bank loan/line of credit

Percentage of firms with bank loans or line of credit.


Percent of firms with a checking or savings account

Percentage of firms with a checking or savings account.


Percent of firms identifying access to finance as a major constraint

Percentage of firms identifying access/cost of finance as a "major" or "very severe" obstacle.


Proportion of investment financed by banks (%)

Estimated proportion of purchases of fixed assets that was financed from bank loans.


Percent of firms not needing a loan

Percent of firms that did not apply for a loan in the last fiscal year because they did not need a loan. The denominator is the number of firms who did and did not apply for a loan. The numerator is the number of firms who did not apply for a loan and also stated that they did not need a loan.


Percent of firms whose recent loan application was rejected.


Percent of firms using supplier/customer credit to finance working capital

Percentage of firms using credit from suppliers and advances from customers to finance working capital.


Proportion of working capital financed by banks (%)

Proportion of the working capital that was financed by bank loans.


Access to finance (% of firms identifying this as a major constraint)

Percentage of firms identifying access/cost of finance as a major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment.


Firms that use material inputs and/or supplies of foreign origin

Percentage of firms that use material inputs and/or supplies of foreign origin.


Firms formally registered when operations started (% of firms)

Firms formally registered when operations started are the percentage of firms formally registered when they started operations in the country.


Percent of firms with female participation in ownership

Percentage of firms with females among the owners.


Proportion of permanent full-time workers that are female (%)

Percentage of full-time workers that are female.


Proportion of permanent full-time non-production workers that are female (%)

Percentage of permanent full-time non-production workers that are female.


Percent of firms with a female top manager

Percentage of firms with females as the top manager.


Proportion of permanent full-time production workers that are female (%)

Percentage of permanent full-time production workers that are female.


Percent of firms with majority female ownership

Percentage of firms with majority female ownership


Firms that do not report all sales for tax purposes (% of firms)

Firms that do not report all sales for tax purposes are the percentage of firms that expressed that a typical firm reports less than 100 percent of sales for tax purposes; such firms are termed "informal firms."


Percent of firms competing against unregistered or informal firms

Percentage of firms competing against unregistered or informal firms.


Percent of firms identifying practices of competitors in the informal sector as a major constraint

Percentage of firms identifying practices of competitors in the informal sector as major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment.


Percent of firms formally registered when they started operations in the country

Percentage of firms formally registered when they started operations in the country.


Number of years firm operated without formal registration

Average number of years firms operated without formal registration. This indicator is computed only for the firms that did not have a formal registration when they started their operations in the country.


Days to obtain an electrical connection (upon application)

Average wait, in days, experienced to obtain electrical connection from the day this establishment applied for it to the day it received the service.


If a generator is used, average proportion of electricity from a generator (%)

If a generator is used, what percentage of electricity comes from a generator


Percent of firms identifying transportation as a major constraint

Percentage of firms identifying transportation as a major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment.


Percent of firms identifying electricity as a major constraint

Percentage of firms identifying electricity as a major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment.


Proportion of products lost to breakage or spoilage during shipping to domestic markets (%)

Percentage of products shipped to supply domestic markets lost due to breakage or spoilage.


Percent of firms experiencing electrical outages

Percentage of firms that experienced power outages over the last complete fiscal year.


Percent of firms experiencing water insufficiencies

Percentage of firms that experienced insufficient water supply for production over the last complete fiscal year.


Number of electrical outages in a typical month

Average number of power outages in a typical month.


If there were outages, average duration of a typical electrical outage (hours)

Average duration of power outages (hours) conditional on having a power outage.


If there were outages, average losses due to electrical outages (% of annual sales)

If there were outages, average losses due to electrical outages, as percentage of total annual sales.


Number of water insufficiencies in a typical month

Average number of water shortages in a typical month in the last fiscal year.


Percent of firms owning or sharing a generator

Percentage of firms owning or sharing a generator.


Services firms competing against unregistered or informal firms (% of service firms)

Percentage of services firms competing against unregistered or informal firms.


Percent of firms with an internationally-recognized quality certification

Percentage of firms that have an internationally-recognized quality certification, i.e. ISO 9000, 9002 or 14000.


Percent of firms that spend on R&D

Percentage of firms that spent on formal research and development activities during the last fiscal year.


Percent of firms with an annual financial statement reviewed by external auditors

Percentage of firms with their annual financial statement reviewed by an external auditor.


Capacity utilization (%)

Capacity utilization based on comparison of the current output with the maximum output possible using the current inputs.


Percent of firms using technology licensed from foreign companies

Percentage of firms using technology licensed from foreign companies.


Percent of firms having their own Web site

Percentage of firms using website for business related activities, i.e. sales, product promotion etc.


Percent of firms using e-mail to interact with clients/suppliers

Percentage of firms using email to interact with clients or suppliers.


Percent of firms that introduced a new product/service

Percentage of firms that introduced new or significantly improved products or services over the last three years.


Percent of firms whose new product/service is also new to the main market

Percentage of firms that introduced new or significantly improved products or services over the last three years that were also new for the firms' main market.


Percent of firms that introduced a process innovation

Percentage of firms that introduced any new or significantly improved process.


Internationally-recognized quality certification (% of firms)

Internationally-recognized quality certification is the percentage of firms having an internationally-recognized quality certification, i.e., International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9000, 9002 or 14000.


Labor regulations (% of firms identifying this as a major constraint)

Percentage of firms identifying labor regulations as a major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment.


Labor skill level (% of firms identifying this as a major constraint)

Percentage of firms identifying labor skills as a major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment.


Business Licensing and Permits (% of firms Identifying this as major constraint)

Percentage of firms identifying business licensing and permits as major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment.


Firms visited or required meetings with tax officials (% of firms)

Percent of firms that were visited or required to meet with tax officials.


Years of experience of the Top Manager working in the firm's sector

Years of experience of the top manager working in the firm's sector.


Percent of firms choosing access to finance as their biggest obstacle

Percentage of establishments that consider access to finance to be the Biggest Obstacle


Percent of firms choosing labor regulations as their biggest obstacle

Percentage of establishments that consider labor regulations to be the Biggest Obstacle.


Percent of firms choosing political instability as their biggest obstacle

Percentage of establishments that consider political instability to be the Biggest Obstacle.


Percent of firms choosing practices of the informal sector as their biggest obstacle

Percentage of establishments that consider practices of competitors in the informal sector to be the Biggest Obstacle.


Percent of firms choosing tax administration as their biggest obstacle

Percentage of establishments that consider the tax administration to be the Biggest Obstacle.


Percent of firms choosing tax rates as their biggest obstacle

Percentage of establishments that consider tax rates to be the Biggest Obstacle.


Percent of firms choosing transportation as their biggest obstacle

Percentage of establishments that consider transport to be the Biggest Obstacle.


Percent of firms choosing access to land as their biggest obstacle

Percentage of establishments that consider access to land to be the Biggest Obstacle.


Percent of firms choosing business licensing and permits as their biggest obstacle

Percentage of establishments that consider business licensing and permits to be the Biggest Obstacle.


Percent of firms choosing corruption as their biggest obstacle

Percentage of establishments that consider corruption to be the Biggest Obstacle.


Percent of firms choosing courts as their biggest obstacle

Percentage of establishments that consider courts to be the Biggest Obstacle.


Percent of firms choosing crime, theft and disorder as their biggest obstacle

Percentage of establishments that consider crime, theft and disorder to be the Biggest Obstacle.


Percent of firms choosing customs and trade regulations as their biggest obstacle

Percentage of establishments that consider customs and trade regulations to be the Biggest Obstacle.


Percent of firms choosing electricity as their biggest obstacle

Percentage of establishments that consider electricity to be the Biggest Obstacle.


Percent of firms choosing inadequately educated workforce as their biggest obstacle

Percentage of establishments that consider an inadequately educated workforce to be the Biggest Obstacle.


Value lost due to electrical outages (% of sales for affected firms)

Average losses due to electrical outages, as percentage of total annual sales. The value represents average losses for all firms which reported outages (please see indicator IC.ELC.OUTG.ZS).


Enterprise ownership - Government/state (%)

Percentage of government or state ownership in private firms.  The ownership variables represent the average ownership composition within a firm. These variables do not represent the ownership composition across firms.


Enterprise ownership - Private Foreign (%)

Percentage of foreign ownership in private firms.  The ownership variables represent the average ownership composition within a firm. These variables do not represent the ownership composition across firms.


Enterprise ownership - Private Domestic (%)

Percentage of domestic ownership in private firms. The ownership variables represent the average ownership composition within a firm. These variables do not represent the ownership composition across firms.


Largest shareholder ownership (%)

Percentage held by largest owner or owners


Dealing with construction, procedures (number)

A procedure is any interaction of the company’s employees or managers with external parties, including government agencies, notaries, the land registry, the cadastre, utility companies, public and private inspectors and technical experts apart from in-house architects and engineers. Interactions between company employees, such as development of the warehouse plans and inspections conducted by employees, are not counted as procedures. Procedures that the company undergoes to connect to electricity, water, sewerage and phone services are included. All procedures that are legally or in practice required for building a warehouse are counted, even if they may be avoided in exceptional cases.  For more information, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/MethodologySurveys/.


Real annual labor productivity growth (%)

Annual labor productivity growth is measured by a percentage change in labor productivity between the last completed fiscal year and a previous period, where labor productivity is sales divided by the number of full- time permanent workers. All sales values are deflated to 2009 using each country's GDP deflators.


Days to obtain an import license

Average wait, in days, to obtain import license.


Days to obtain an operating license

The average wait, in days, to obtain an operating license.


Days to obtain a construction-related permit

Average wait, in days, to obtain construction-related permit.


Percent of firms identifying business licensing and permits as a major constraint

Percentage of firms identifying business licensing and permits as "major" or "very severe" obstacle.


Senior management time spent dealing with the requirements of government regulation (%)

Average percentage of senior management's time that is spent in a typical week dealing with requirements imposed by government regulations (eg. taxes, customs, labor regulations, licensing and registration), including dealings with officials, completing forms, et cetera.


If there were visits, average number of visits or required meetings with tax officials

If there were a positive number of visits or required meeting with tax officials, what was the average number?


Percent of firms identifying tax rates as a major constraint

Percentage of firms identifying tax rates as a "major" or "very severe" obstacle.


Percent of firms identifying tax administration as a major constraint

Percentage of firms identifying tax administration as a "major" or "very severe" obstacle.


Percent of firms visited or required to meet with tax officials

Percentage of firms that were visited or inspected by tax officials or were required to meet with them over the last year.


Firms Formally Registered when Started Operations in the Country (% of firms)

Percentage of firms formally registered when they started operations in the country.


Firms that spend on R&D (% of firms)

Percent of firms that spend on research and development.


Firms Paying for Security (% of firms)

Percentage of firms paying for security, for example equipment, personnel, or professional security services.


Security costs (% of sales)

Security costs is the average security costs as a percentage of total annual sales.


Real annual sales growth (%)

Real annual sales growth is measured as a percentage change in sales between the last completed fiscal year and a previous period. All sales values are deflated to 2009 using each country's GDP deflators.


Tax Administration (% of firms identifying this as major constraint)

Percentage of firms identifying tax administration as a major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment.


Tax rates (% of firms identifying this as major constraint)

Percentage of firms identifying tax rates as a major constraint. The computation of the indicator is based on the rating of the obstacle as a potential constraint to the current operations of the establishment.


Firms using technology licensed from foreign companies (% of firms)

Percentage of firms using technology licensed from foreign companies. For survey data collected in 2006 and 2007, this indicator is computed for the Manufacturing module only.


Firms experiencing losses due to theft and vandalism (% of firms)

Percent of firms experiencing losses due to theft, robbery, vandalism or arson that occurred on the establishment's premises.


Time required to deal with construction permits (days)

The total number of days required to build a warehouse. The measure captures the median duration that local experts indicate is necessary to complete a procedure in practice.


Days to clear direct exports through customs

Average number of days to clear direct exports through customs.


Percent of firms using material inputs and/or supplies of foreign origin

Percentage of firms that use material inputs and/or supplies of foreign origin.


Percent of firms exporting directly (at least 10% of sales)

Percentage of firms that export directly at least 10% of their total annual sales.