International tourism, expenditures (current US$)

International tourism expenditures are expenditures of international outbound visitors in other countries, including payments to foreign carriers for international transport. These expenditures may include those by residents traveling abroad as same-day visitors, except in cases where these are important enough to justify separate classification. For some countries they do not include expenditures for passenger transport items. Data are in current U.S. dollars.


International tourism, expenditures (% of total imports)

International tourism expenditures are expenditures of international outbound visitors in other countries, including payments to foreign carriers for international transport. These expenditures may include those by residents traveling abroad as same-day visitors, except in cases where these are important enough to justify separate classification. For some countries they do not include expenditures for passenger transport items. Their share in imports is calculated as a ratio to imports of goods and services, which comprise all transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world involving a change of ownership from nonresidents to residents of general merchandise, goods sent for processing and repairs, nonmonetary gold, and services.

World Tourism Organization, Yearbook of Tourism Statistics, Compendium of Tourism Statistics and data files, and IMF and World Bank imports estimates.


Merchandise trade (% of GDP)

Merchandise trade as a share of GDP is the sum of merchandise exports and imports divided by the value of GDP, all in current U.S. dollars.

World Trade Organization, and World Bank GDP estimates.


Number of product (imports)

Number of products (at SITC, Revision 3, 3-digit group level) imported by country or country grouping; this figure includes only those products that are greater than 100,000 dollars or more than 0.3 per cent of the country’s or country group’s total imports.  The maximum number of products is 261.

UNCTAD Statistical Office, also reported in the UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics, various issues (http://unctadstat.unctad.org/).


Import product concentration index

This indicator reflects the Herfindahl-Hirschmann index measure of the degree of import concentration within a country.  The sectoral Hirschmann index is defined as the square root of the sum of the squared shares of exports of each industry in total exports for the region under study.  Takes a value between 0 and 1, with 1 indicating that only a single product is exported.  Higher values indicate that imports are concentrated in fewer sectors.  On the contrary, values closer to 0 reflect a more equal distribution of market shares among importers.  Note that this type of concentration indicator tends to be quite vulnerable to cyclical fluctuations in relative-prices, in a way that commodity price rises make commodity importers look more concentrated.


Import product diversification index

The diversification index signals whether the structure of imports by product of a given country or group of countries differ from the structure of product of the world.  Diversification index that ranges from 0 to 1 reveals the extent of the differences between the structure of trade of the country or country group and the world average. The index value closer to 1 indicates a bigger difference from the world average. It is constructed as the inverse of a Herfindahl index, using disaggregated exports at 4 digits (following the STIC3).  This index is a modified Finger-Kreinin measure of similarity in trade. For more information, please consult the article of Finger, J. M. and M. E. Kreinin (1979), “A measure of ‘export similarity’ and its possible uses” in the Economic Journal , 89: 905-12.


General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) Commitments Index, all service sectors (0 least liberal to 100 most liberal)

This indicator measures the extent of General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) commitments for all 155 services sub-sectors as classified by the GATS and in the four modes of the GATS. Each entry in the country’s schedule is assigned scores based on its relative restrictiveness, using a criteria set out by Bernard Hoekman’s methodology.  That resulted in 1,240 scores, ranging from 0 (unbound or no commitments) to 100 (completely liberalized), with an intermediate value of 50 for partial commitments. A simple average of the subsectoral scores were used to generate aggregate sectoral scores (for the 12 main services sectors as classified by the GATS), modes scores, and market access and national treatment scores. The overall 12 GATS commitment index is a simple average of the sectoral indices.  Disaggregated indices are available for Market Access and National Treatment and for twelve subsectors: business services, communication services, construction and engineering services, distribution services, educational services, environmental services, financial services, health services, tourism services, recreational and cultural services, transport services, and other services.

GATS commitment schedules in the WTO, as scored by the World Bank Institute WTI 2008 team. Scoring and Sectoral weights follow Bernard Hoekman, Tentative First Steps: An assessment of the Uruguay Round Agreement on Services. Finance and Private Sector Dev


Goods (excluding arms) admitted free of tariffs from developing countries (% total merchandise imports excluding arms)

It is the proportion of duty free imports (excluding arms) into developed countries from developing and least developed countries. For the purpose of calculating this indicator, Japan in Asia, Canada and the United States in North America, Australia and New Zealand in Oceania and Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and the EU (25 countries included since 2004) in Europe are considered “developed” regions or areas, following the common accepted practice used for MDG indicators. Developing countries are those not listed as developed or transition countries. The list of least developed countries (LDCs) has been agreed by the General Assembly, on the recommendation of the Committee for Development Policy, Economic and Social Council.

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, World Trade Organization, and International Trade Center. Data are available online at: www.mdg-trade.org.


Goods (excluding arms) admitted free of tariffs from least developed countries (% total merchandise imports excluding arms)


Merchandise import price index (1987 = 100)


Import Price Index, cif (1980=100, US$-based)


Import Price Index, cif (1987=100,US$-based)


Merchandise import price index

Total merchandise imports  price index with 1987=100.


Import price index, (nonfactor) services

Measuring changes in the aggregate price level of a country's non-factor services imports c.i.f. over time with 1987 price index=100.


Import volume index, POL and other energy

Petroleum and other energy products imports  volume index with 1987=100.


Import volume index, food

Total food imports  volume index with 1987=100.


Import volume index, capital goods

Capital goods imports  volume index with 1987=100.


Merchandise import volume index

Total merchandise imports  volume index with 1987=100.


Import volume index (2015 = 100)

Import volume indexes are derived from UNCTAD's volume index series and are the ratio of the import value indexes to the corresponding unit value indexes. Unit value indexes are based on data reported by countries that demonstrate consistency under UNCTAD quality controls, supplemented by UNCTAD's estimates using the previous year's trade values at the Standard International Trade Classification three-digit level as weights.

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development


Import volume index, other consumer goods

Other consumer goods imports  volume index with 1987=100.


Import volume index, (nonfactor) services

Imports of (non-factor) services. Data; Volume index with 1987=100.


Import volume index, manufactures

Manufacture goods imports  volume index with 1987=100.


Import volume index, primary goods

Primary goods imports  volume index with 1987=100.


Import volume index, intermediate goods

Intermediate goods imports  volume index with 1987=100.


Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products from developing countries (%)

It is the average tariffs imposed by developed countries on subsets of selected items (agricultural products, textile and clothing exports) that are deemed to be of interest to developing countries. For the purpose of calculating this indicator, Japan in Asia, Canada and the United States in North America, Australia and New Zealand in Oceania and Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and the EU (25 countries included since 2004) in Europe are considered “developed” regions or areas, following the common accepted practice used for MDG indicators. Developing countries are those not listed as developed or transition countries. The list of least developed countries (LDCs) has been agreed by the General Assembly, on the recommendation of the Committee for Development Policy, Economic and Social Council. Agricultural, clothing and textile groups follow the definition in WTO agreements based on the Harmonized System 1992, transposed to current versions by WTO Secretariat. Agricultural products correspond to Harmonized System 1992, chapters 01 to 24 less fish and fish products (chap. 03); in addition to parts of chapters 29, 33, 35, 38, 41, 43, 50 to 53. Textile is mainly covered in chapters 50 to 60. The bulk of clothing products are found in chapters 61-63.


Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products from least developed countries (%)


Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on clothing products from developing countries (%)


Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on clothing products from least developed countries (%)


Tariff barriers, share of lines bound, manufactured products (%)

This indicator reflects the total share of lines in the country’s tariff schedule bound subject to WTO Negotiation Agreements. Expressed as a percentage of total lines.  As calculated by the World Bank Institute WTI 2008 team.

UNCTAD TRAINS database through WITS until 2006, then ITC database.


Binding coverage, manufactured products (%)

Binding coverage is the percentage of product lines with an agreed bound rate. Bound rates result from trade negotiations incorporated into a country's schedule of concessions and are thus enforceable. Manufactured products are commodities classified in SITC revision 3 sections 5-8 excluding division 68.

World Bank staff estimates using the World Integrated Trade Solution system, based on data from World Trade Organization.


Bound rate, simple mean, manufactured products (%)

Simple mean bound rate is the unweighted average of all the lines in the tariff schedule in which bound rates have been set. Bound rates result from trade negotiations incorporated into a country's schedule of concessions and are thus enforceable. Manufactured products are commodities classified in SITC revision 3 sections 5-8 excluding division 68.


Tariff barriers, dispersion around the mean, manufactured products (%)

This indicator is calculated as the coefficient of variation of the applied tariff rates including preferential rates that a country applies to its trading partners available at HS 6-digit product level in a country’s customs schedule.  As calculated by the World Bank Institute WTI 2008 team.


Tariff barriers, share of lines domestic peaks, manufactured products (%)

This indicator reflects the total share of lines in the country’s MFN tariff schedule with the value above 3 times the simple average tariff.  Expressed as a percentage of total lines.  These shares are also reported disaggregated for agricultural goods and non-agricultural goods.

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTD) and the World Trade Organization.


Share of tariff lines with international peaks, manufactured products (%)

Share of tariff lines with international peaks is the share of lines in the tariff schedule with tariff rates that exceed 15 percent. It provides an indication of how selectively tariffs are applied. Manufactured products are commodities classified in SITC revision 3 sections 5-8 excluding division 68.

World Bank staff estimates using the World Integrated Trade Solution system, based on data from United Nations Conference on Trade and Development's Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS) database.


Tariff rate, applied, simple mean, manufactured products (%)

Simple mean applied tariff is the unweighted average of effectively applied rates for all products subject to tariffs calculated for all traded goods. Data are classified using the Harmonized System of trade at the six- or eight-digit level. Tariff line data were matched to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) revision 3 codes to define commodity groups. Effectively applied tariff rates at the six- and eight-digit product level are averaged for products in each commodity group. When the effectively applied rate is unavailable, the most favored nation rate is used instead. To the extent possible, specific rates have been converted to their ad valorem equivalent rates and have been included in the calculation of simple mean tariffs. Manufactured products are commodities classified in SITC revision 3 sections 5-8 excluding division 68.

World Bank staff estimates using the World Integrated Trade Solution system, based on data from United Nations Conference on Trade and Development's Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS) database and the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Integrated Data Base (IDB) and Consolidated Tariff Schedules (CTS) database.


Tariff rate, most favored nation, simple mean, manufactured products (%)

Simple mean most favored nation tariff rate is the unweighted average of most favored nation rates for all products subject to tariffs calculated for all traded goods. Data are classified using the Harmonized System of trade at the six- or eight-digit level. Tariff line data were matched to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) revision 3 codes to define commodity groups. Manufactured products are commodities classified in SITC revision 3 sections 5-8 excluding division 68.


Share of tariff lines with specific rates, manufactured products (%)

Share of tariff lines with specific rates is the share of lines in the tariff schedule that are set on a per unit basis or that combine ad valorem and per unit rates. It shows the extent to which countries use tariffs based on physical quantities or other, non-ad valorem measures. Manufactured products are commodities classified in SITC revision 3 sections 5-8 excluding division 68.


Tariff rate, applied, weighted mean, manufactured products (%)

Weighted mean applied tariff is the average of effectively applied rates weighted by the product import shares corresponding to each partner country. Data are classified using the Harmonized System of trade at the six- or eight-digit level. Tariff line data were matched to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) revision 3 codes to define commodity groups and import weights. To the extent possible, specific rates have been converted to their ad valorem equivalent rates and have been included in the calculation of weighted mean tariffs. Import weights were calculated using the United Nations Statistics Division's Commodity Trade (Comtrade) database. Effectively applied tariff rates at the six- and eight-digit product level are averaged for products in each commodity group. When the effectively applied rate is unavailable, the most favored nation rate is used instead. Manufactured products are commodities classified in SITC revision 3 sections 5-8 excluding division 68.


Tariff rate, most favored nation, weighted mean, manufactured products (%)

Weighted mean most favored nations tariff is the average of most favored nation rates weighted by the product import shares corresponding to each partner country. Data are classified using the Harmonized System of trade at the six- or eight-digit level. Tariff line data were matched to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) revision 3 codes to define commodity groups and import weights. Import weights were calculated using the United Nations Statistics Division's Commodity Trade (Comtrade) database. Manufactured products are commodities classified in SITC revision 3 sections 5-8 excluding division 68.


Tariff barriers, share of lines bound, all products (%)


Binding coverage, all products (%)

Binding coverage is the percentage of product lines with an agreed bound rate. Bound rates result from trade negotiations incorporated into a country's schedule of concessions and are thus enforceable.


Bound rate, simple mean, all products (%)

Simple mean bound rate is the unweighted average of all the lines in the tariff schedule in which bound rates have been set. Bound rates result from trade negotiations incorporated into a country's schedule of concessions and are thus enforceable.


Tariff barriers, dispersion around the mean, all products (%)


Tariff barriers, share of lines domestic peaks, all products (%)


Share of tariff lines with international peaks, all products (%)

Share of tariff lines with international peaks is the share of lines in the tariff schedule with tariff rates that exceed 15 percent. It provides an indication of how selectively tariffs are applied.


Tariff rate, applied, simple mean, all products (%)

Simple mean applied tariff is the unweighted average of effectively applied rates for all products subject to tariffs calculated for all traded goods. Data are classified using the Harmonized System of trade at the six- or eight-digit level. Tariff line data were matched to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) revision 3 codes to define commodity groups. Effectively applied tariff rates at the six- and eight-digit product level are averaged for products in each commodity group. When the effectively applied rate is unavailable, the most favored nation rate is used instead. To the extent possible, specific rates have been converted to their ad valorem equivalent rates and have been included in the calculation of simple mean tariffs.


Tariff rate, most favored nation, simple mean, all products (%)

Simple mean most favored nation tariff rate is the unweighted average of most favored nation rates for all products subject to tariffs calculated for all traded goods. Data are classified using the Harmonized System of trade at the six- or eight-digit level. Tariff line data were matched to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) revision 3 codes to define commodity groups.


Share of tariff lines with specific rates, all products (%)

Share of tariff lines with specific rates is the share of lines in the tariff schedule that are set on a per unit basis or that combine ad valorem and per unit rates. It shows the extent to which countries use tariffs based on physical quantities or other, non-ad valorem measures.


Tariff rate, applied, weighted mean, all products (%)

Weighted mean applied tariff is the average of effectively applied rates weighted by the product import shares corresponding to each partner country. Data are classified using the Harmonized System of trade at the six- or eight-digit level. Tariff line data were matched to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) revision 3 codes to define commodity groups and import weights. To the extent possible, specific rates have been converted to their ad valorem equivalent rates and have been included in the calculation of weighted mean tariffs. Import weights were calculated using the United Nations Statistics Division's Commodity Trade (Comtrade) database. Effectively applied tariff rates at the six- and eight-digit product level are averaged for products in each commodity group. When the effectively applied rate is unavailable, the most favored nation rate is used instead.


Tariff rate, most favored nation, weighted mean, all products (%)

Weighted mean most favored nations tariff is the average of most favored nation rates weighted by the product import shares corresponding to each partner country. Data are classified using the Harmonized System of trade at the six- or eight-digit level. Tariff line data were matched to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) revision 3 codes to define commodity groups and import weights. Import weights were calculated using the United Nations Statistics Division's Commodity Trade (Comtrade) database.


Tariff barriers, share of lines bound, primary products (%)

This indicator reflects the total share of lines in the country’s tariff schedule bound subject to WTO Negotiation Agreements. Expressed as a percentage of total lines.  As calculated by the World Bank Institute WTI 2008 team.


Binding coverage, primary products (%)

Binding coverage is the percentage of product lines with an agreed bound rate. Bound rates result from trade negotiations incorporated into a country's schedule of concessions and are thus enforceable. Primary products are commodities classified in SITC revision 3 sections 0-4 plus division 68 (nonferrous metals).


Bound rate, simple mean, primary products (%)

Simple mean bound rate is the unweighted average of all the lines in the tariff schedule in which bound rates have been set. Bound rates result from trade negotiations incorporated into a country's schedule of concessions and are thus enforceable. Primary products are commodities classified in SITC revision 3 sections 0-4 plus division 68 (nonferrous metals).


Tariff barriers, dispersion around the mean, primary products (%)

This indicator is calculated as the coefficient of variation of the applied tariff rates including preferential rates that a country applies to its trading partners available at HS 6-digit product level in a country’s customs schedule.  As calculated by the World Bank Institute WTI 2008 team.


Tariff barriers, share of lines domestic peaks, primary (%)

This indicator reflects the total share of lines in the country’s MFN tariff schedule with the value above 3 times the simple average tariff.  Expressed as a percentage of total lines.  These shares are also reported disaggregated for agricultural goods and non-agricultural goods.


Share of tariff lines with international peaks, primary products (%)

Share of tariff lines with international peaks is the share of lines in the tariff schedule with tariff rates that exceed 15 percent. It provides an indication of how selectively tariffs are applied. Primary products are commodities classified in SITC revision 3 sections 0-4 plus division 68 (nonferrous metals).


Tariff rate, applied, simple mean, primary products (%)

Simple mean applied tariff is the unweighted average of effectively applied rates for all products subject to tariffs calculated for all traded goods. Data are classified using the Harmonized System of trade at the six- or eight-digit level. Tariff line data were matched to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) revision 3 codes to define commodity groups. Effectively applied tariff rates at the six- and eight-digit product level are averaged for products in each commodity group. When the effectively applied rate is unavailable, the most favored nation rate is used instead. To the extent possible, specific rates have been converted to their ad valorem equivalent rates and have been included in the calculation of simple mean tariffs. Primary products are commodities classified in SITC revision 3 sections 0-4 plus division 68 (nonferrous metals).


Tariff rate, most favored nation, simple mean, primary products (%)

Simple mean most favored nation tariff rate is the unweighted average of most favored nation rates for all products subject to tariffs calculated for all traded goods. Data are classified using the Harmonized System of trade at the six- or eight-digit level. Tariff line data were matched to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) revision 3 codes to define commodity groups. Primary products are commodities classified in SITC revision 3 sections 0-4 plus division 68 (nonferrous metals).


Share of tariff lines with specific rates, primary products (%)

Share of tariff lines with specific rates is the share of lines in the tariff schedule that are set on a per unit basis or that combine ad valorem and per unit rates. It shows the extent to which countries use tariffs based on physical quantities or other, non-ad valorem measures. Primary products are commodities classified in SITC revision 3 sections 0-4 plus division 68 (nonferrous metals).


Tariff rate, applied, weighted mean, primary products (%)

Weighted mean applied tariff is the average of effectively applied rates weighted by the product import shares corresponding to each partner country. Data are classified using the Harmonized System of trade at the six- or eight-digit level. Tariff line data were matched to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) revision 3 codes to define commodity groups and import weights. To the extent possible, specific rates have been converted to their ad valorem equivalent rates and have been included in the calculation of weighted mean tariffs. Import weights were calculated using the United Nations Statistics Division's Commodity Trade (Comtrade) database. Effectively applied tariff rates at the six- and eight-digit product level are averaged for products in each commodity group. When the effectively applied rate is unavailable, the most favored nation rate is used instead. Primary products are commodities classified in SITC revision 3 sections 0-4 plus division 68 (nonferrous metals).


Tariff rate, most favored nation, weighted mean, primary products (%)

Weighted mean most favored nations tariff is the average of most favored nation rates weighted by the product import shares corresponding to each partner country. Data are classified using the Harmonized System of trade at the six- or eight-digit level. Tariff line data were matched to Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) revision 3 codes to define commodity groups and import weights. Import weights were calculated using the United Nations Statistics Division's Commodity Trade (Comtrade) database. Primary products are commodities classified in SITC revision 3 sections 0-4 plus division 68 (nonferrous metals).


Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on textile products from developing countries (%)

It is the average tariffs imposed by developed countries on subsets of selected items (agricultural products, textile and clothing exports) that are deemed to be of interest to developing countries. For the purpose of calculating this indicator, Japan in Asia, Canada and the United States in North America, Australia and New Zealand in Oceania and Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and the EU (25 countries included since 2004) in Europe are considered “developed” regions or areas, following the common accepted practice used for MDG indicators. Developing countries are those not listed as developed or transition countries. The list of least developed countries (LDCs) has been agreed by the General Assembly, on the recommendation of the Committee for Development Policy, Economic and Social Council. Agricultural, clothing and textile groups follow the definition in WTO agreements based on the Harmonized System 1992, transposed to current versions by WTO Secretariat. Agricultural products correspond to Harmonized System 1992, chapters 01 to 24 less fish and fish products (chap. 03); in addition to parts of chapters 29, 33, 35, 38, 41, 43, 50 to 53. Textile is mainly covered in chapters 50 to 60. The bulk of clothing products are found in chapters 61-63.


Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on textile products from least developed countries (%)


Import unit value index (2015 = 100)

Import unit value indices come from UNCTAD's trade database. Unit value indices are based on data reported by countries that demonstrate consistency under UNCTAD quality controls, supplemented by UNCTAD’s estimates using the previous year’s trade values at the Standard International Trade Classification three-digit level as weights. To improve data coverage, especially for the latest periods, UNCTAD constructs a set of average prices indexes at the three-digit product classification of the Standard International Trade Classification revision 3 using UNCTAD’s Commodity Price Statistics, interna¬tional and national sources, and UNCTAD secretariat estimates.

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Handbook of Statistics and data files. (http://unctadstat.unctad.org)


Agricultural raw materials imports (% of merchandise imports)

Agricultural raw materials comprise SITC section 2 (crude materials except fuels) excluding divisions 22, 27 (crude fertilizers and minerals excluding coal, petroleum, and precious stones), and 28 (metalliferous ores and scrap).

World Bank staff estimates through the WITS platform from the Comtrade database maintained by the United Nations Statistics Division.


POL and other energy imports (current US$)

Petroleum and energy products imports in current US dollars. Values are on cif (includes freight and insurance costs).


POL and other energy imports (constant US$)

Petroleum and energy products imports, cif (includes freight and insurance costs) in 1987 constant US dollars.


Food imports (current US$)

Food imports, cif (includes freight and insurance costs) in current US dollars.


Food imports (constant US$)

Food imports, cif (includes freight and insurance costs) in 1987 constant US dollars.


Food imports (% of merchandise imports)

Food comprises the commodities in SITC sections 0 (food and live animals), 1 (beverages and tobacco), and 4 (animal and vegetable oils and fats) and SITC division 22 (oil seeds, oil nuts, and oil kernels).


Fuel imports (% of merchandise imports)

Fuels comprise the commodities in SITC section 3 (mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials).


ICT goods imports (% total goods imports)

Information and communication technology goods imports include computers and peripheral equipment, communication equipment, consumer electronic equipment, electronic components, and other information and technology goods (miscellaneous).

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development's UNCTADstat database at http://unctadstat.unctad.org/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx.


Insurance and financial services (% of commercial service imports)

Insurance and financial services cover freight insurance on goods imported and other direct insurance such as life insurance; financial intermediation services such as commissions, foreign exchange transactions, and brokerage services; and auxiliary services such as financial market operational and regulatory services.

International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook and data files.


Capital goods imports (current US$)

Imports of capital goods in current US dollars. Values are on cif (includes freight and insurance costs).


Capital goods imports (constant US$)

Imports of capital goods, cif (includes freight and insurance costs) in 1987 constant US dollars.


Manufactures imports (% of merchandise imports)

Manufactures comprise the commodities in SITC sections 5 (chemicals), 6 (basic manufactures), 7 (machinery and transport equipment), and 8 (miscellaneous manufactured goods), excluding division 68 (nonferrous metals).


Machinery and transport equipment (% of merchandise imports)


Minerals and metals (% of merchandise imports)


Ores and metals imports (% of merchandise imports)

Ores and metals comprise commodities in SITC sections 27 (crude fertilizer, minerals nes); 28 (metalliferous ores, scrap); and 68 (non-ferrous metals).


Merchandise imports from economies in the Arab World (% of total merchandise imports)

Merchandise imports from economies in the Arab World are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from economies in the Arab World. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.

World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.


Merchandise imports (UN, current US$)

Merchandise imports show the c.i.f. value of goods received from the rest of the world valued in current U.S. dollars.


Merchandise imports, WB (current US$)

Total merchandise imports, cif (includes freight and insurance costs) in current US dollars.


Merchandise imports from high-income economies (% of total merchandise imports)

Merchandise imports from high-income economies are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from high-income economies according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.


Merchandise imports (constant US$)

Total merchandise imports, cif (includes freight and insurance costs) in 1987 constant US dollars.


Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies outside region (% of total merchandise imports)

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies outside region are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from other low- and middle-income economies in other World Bank regions according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.


Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in East Asia & Pacific (% of total merchandise imports)

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in East Asia and Pacific are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the East Asia and Pacific region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.


Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Europe & Central Asia (% of total merchandise imports)

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Europe and Central Asia are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the Europe and Central Asia region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.


Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Latin America & the Caribbean (% of total merchandise imports)

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Latin America and the Caribbean are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the Latin America and the Caribbean region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.


Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Middle East & North Africa (% of total merchandise imports)

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Middle East and North Africa are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the Middle East and North Africa region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.


Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in South Asia (% of total merchandise imports)

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in South Asia are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the South Asia region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.


Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Sub-Saharan Africa (% of total merchandise imports)

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Sub-Saharan Africa are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the Sub-Saharan Africa region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.


Merchandise imports by the reporting economy, residual (% of total merchandise imports)

Merchandise imports by the reporting economy residuals are the total merchandise imports by the reporting economy from the rest of the world as reported in the IMF's Direction of trade database, less the sum of imports by the reporting economy from high-, low-, and middle-income economies according to the World Bank classification of economies. Includes trade with unspecified partners or with economies not covered by World Bank classification. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy.


Merchandise imports by the reporting economy (current US$)

Merchandise imports by the reporting economy are the total merchandise imports by the reporting economy from the rest of the world, as reported in the IMF's Direction of trade database. Data are in current U.S. dollars.


Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies within region (% of total merchandise imports)

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies within region are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from other low- and middle-income economies in the same World Bank region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data. No figures are shown for high-income economies, because they are a separate category in the World Bank classification of economies.


Import value index (2015 = 100)

Import value indexes are the current value of imports (c.i.f.) converted to U.S. dollars and expressed as a percentage of the average for the base period (2015). UNCTAD's import value indexes are reported for most economies.


Other consumer goods imports (current US$)

Consumer goods imports, cif (includes freight and insurance costs) in current dollars.


Other consumer goods imports (constant US$)

Consumer goods imports, cif (includes freight and insurance costs) in 1987 constant US dollars.


Non-food primary commodities (% of merchandise imports)


Imports of Nonfuel Primary Prod.(US$,curr. pr.)


CP Imports of Nonfuel Primary Products (US$)


Other manufactures (% of merchandise imports)


Other primary commodities (% of merchandise imports)


Computer, communications and other services (% of commercial service imports) include such activities as international telecommunications, and postal and courier services; computer data; news-related service transactions between residents and nonresidents; construction services; royalties and license fees; miscellaneous business, professional, and technical services; and personal, cultural, and recreational services.


Intermediate goods imports, manufactures (current US$)

Imports of manufactures (SITC 5 through 9 excluding 68) in current US dollars. Values are on c.i.f. basis.


Intermediate goods imports, manufactures (constant US$)

Imports of manufactures (SITC 5 through 9 excluding 68) in 1987 constant US dollars.


Intermediate goods imports, primary (current US$)

Primary goods imports, cif (includes freight and insurance costs) in current US dollars.


Intermediate goods imports, primary (constant US$)

Primary goods imports, cif (includes freight and insurance costs) in 1987 constant US dollars.


Intermediate goods imports, total (current US$)

Intermediate goods imports, cif (includes freight and insurance costs) current US dollars.


Intermediate goods imports, total (constant US$)

Intermediate goods imports, cif (includes freight and insurance costs) in 1987 constant US dollars.


Commercial service imports (current US$)

Commercial service imports are total service imports minus imports of government services not included elsewhere. International transactions in services are defined by the IMF's Balance of Payments Manual (1993) as the economic output of intangible commodities that may be produced, transferred, and consumed at the same time. Definitions may vary among reporting economies.


Transport services (% of commercial service imports) covers all transport services (sea, air, land, internal waterway, space, and pipeline) performed by residents of one economy for those of another and involving the carriage of passengers, movement of goods (freight), rental of carriers with crew, and related support and auxiliary services. Excluded are freight insurance, which is included in insurance services; goods procured in ports by nonresident carriers and repairs of transport equipment, which are included in goods; repairs of railway facilities, harbors, and airfield facilities, which are included in construction services; and rental of carriers without crew, which is included in other services.


Travel services (% of commercial service imports) covers goods and services acquired from an economy by travelers in that economy for their own use during visits of less than one year for business or personal purposes. Travel services include the goods and services consumed by travelers, such as lodging, meals, and transport (within the economy visited).


Growth of merch. imports (av. ann grwth %)


Terms of Trade Index (1980=100, US$-based)


Terms of Trade

The terms of trade effect equals capacity to import less exports of goods and services.

World Bank staff calculations based on Datastream data.


Total Reserves

Total reserves comprise holdings of monetary gold, special drawing rights, reserves of IMF members held by the IMF, and holdings of foreign exchange under the control of monetary authorities.


Export: Beverages and tobacco (province Level, in USD)

Indonesia Database for Policy and Economic Research

BADAN PUSAT STATISTIK - Statistics Indonesia, Unpublished statistics on Sub-National Trade


Export: Chemical and related products, nes (province Level, in USD)


Export: Crude materials, inedible, except fuels (province Level, in USD)


Export: Food and Live Animals (province Level, in USD)


Export: Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials (province Level, in USD)


Export: Manufactured goods, classified chiefly by material (province Level, in USD)


Export: Miscellaneous manufactures articles (province Level, in USD)


Export: Machinery and transport equipment (province Level, in USD)


Export: Animals and vegetable oil, fat and waxes (province Level, in USD)


Export: Commodities and transaction not elsewhere classified (province Level, in USD)


Import: Beverages and tobacco (province Level, in USD)


Import: Chemical and related products, nes (province Level, in USD)


Import: Crude materials, inedible, except fuels (province Level, in USD)


Import: Food and Live Animals (province Level, in USD)


Import: Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials (province Level, in USD)


Import: Manufactured goods, classified chiefly by material (province Level, in USD)


Import: Miscellaneous manufactures articles (province Level, in USD)


Import: Machinery and transport equipment (province Level, in USD)


Import: Animals and vegetable oil, fat and waxes (province Level, in USD)


Import: Commodities and transaction not elsewhere classified (province Level, in USD)


Trading across borders (DB06-15 methodology) - Score

Doing Business measures the time and cost associated with exporting and importing a standardized cargo of goods by sea transport. The time and cost necessary to complete 4 predefined stages (document preparation; customs clearance and inspections; inland transport and handling; and port and terminal handling) for exporting and importing the goods are recorded. All documents needed by the trader to export or import the goods across the border are also recorded. The process of exporting goods ranges from packing the goods into the container at the warehouse to their departure from the port of exit. The process of importing goods ranges from the vessel’s arrival at the port of entry to the cargo’s delivery at the warehouse. For landlocked economies, since the seaport is located in the transit economy, the time, cost and documents associated with the processes at the inland border are also included. The score for trading across borders is a simple average of the cost to export and import, time to export and import, and the number documents to export and import. It is computed based on the methodology in the DB06-15 studies.


Trading across borders (DB16-20 methodology) - Score

Doing Business measures the time and cost associated with three sets of procedures of exporting and importing goods —documentary compliance, border compliance and domestic transport—within the overall process of exporting or importing a shipment of goods. The score for trading across borders is the simple average of the scores for the time and cost for documentary compliance and border compliance to export and import. It is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Time to export: Documentary compliance (hours) (DB16-20 methodology)

The time for documentary compliance to export records the time associated with compliance with the export documentary requirements of all government agencies of the origin economy, the destination economy and any transit economies. It is calculated in hours.  It includes the time for obtaining documents; preparing documents; processing documents; presenting documents; and submitting documents. All electronic or paper submissions of information requested by any government agency in connection with the shipment are considered to be documents obtained, prepared and submitted during the export process. All documents prepared by the freight forwarder or customs broker for the product and partner pair assumed in the case study are included regardless of whether they are required by law or in practice. The component indicator is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Trading across borders: Documents to export (number) (DB06-15 methodology)

The number of documents to export records the number of documents required by law or common practice by relevant agencies per export shipment. All documents required by law or common practice by relevant agencies—including government ministries, customs authorities, port authorities and other control agencies—per export shipment are taken into account. For landlocked economies, documents required by authorities in the transit economy are also included. Since payment is by letter of credit, all documents required by banks for the issuance or securing of a letter of credit are also taken into account. Documents that are requested at the time of clearance but that are valid for a year or longer or do not require renewal per shipment (for example, an annual tax clearance certificate) are not included. Documents that are required by customs authorities purely for purposes of preferential treatment but are not required for any other purpose by any of the authorities in the process of trading are not included. The component indicator is computed based on the methodology in the DB06-15 studies.


Trading across borders: Documents to export (number) (DB06-15 methodology) - Score

The score for the number of documents to export benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance, and is computed based on the methodology in the DB06-15 studies.


Trading across borders: Documents to import (number) (DB06-15 methodology)

The number of documents to import records the number of documents required by law or common practice by relevant agencies per import shipment. All documents required by law or common practice by relevant agencies—including government ministries, customs authorities, port authorities and other control agencies—per import shipment are taken into account. For landlocked economies, documents required by authorities in the transit economy are also included. Since payment is by letter of credit, all documents required by banks for the issuance or securing of a letter of credit are also taken into account. Documents that are requested at the time of clearance but that are valid for a year or longer or do not require renewal per shipment (for example, an annual tax clearance certificate) are not included. Documents that are required by customs authorities purely for purposes of preferential treatment but are not required for any other purpose by any of the authorities in the process of trading are not included. The component indicator is computed based on the methodology in the DB06-15 studies.


Trading across borders: Documents to import (number) (DB06-15 methodology) - Score

The score for the number of documents to import benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance, and is computed based on the methodology in the DB06-15 studies.


Time to export: Border compliance (hours) (DB16-20 methodology)

The time for border compliance to export records the time associated with compliance with the economy’s customs regulations and with regulations relating to other inspections that are mandatory in order for the export shipment to cross the economy’s border, as well as the time and cost for handling that takes place at its port or border. It is calulcated in hours. The time for this segment includes time for customs clearance and inspection procedures conducted by other agencies. If all customs clearance and other inspections take place at the port or border at the same time, the time estimate for border compliance takes this simultaneity into account. The component indicator is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Trading across borders: Cost to export: Border compliance (USD) (DB16-20 methodology)

The cost for border compliance to export records the cost associated with compliance with the economy’s customs regulations and with regulations relating to other inspections that are mandatory in order for the export shipment to cross the economy’s border, as well as the time and cost for handling that takes place at its port or border. It is calculated in US dollars. The cost for this segment include the cost for customs clearance and inspection procedures conducted by other agencies. For example, the cost for conducting a phytosanitary inspection would be included here. Informal payments for which no receipt is issued are excluded from the costs recorded. The component indicator is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Trading across borders: Cost to export: Border compliance (USD) (DB16-20 methodology) - Score

The score for the cost for border compliance to export benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance, and is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Trading across borders: Cost to export (US$ per container deflated) (DB06-15 methodology)

The cost to export records the cost associated with exporting a standardized cargo of goods by sea transport through 4 predefined stages: document preparation; customs clearance and inspections; inland transport and handling; and port and terminal handling. It is calculated in US dollars per container deflated. Cost measures the fees levied on the export of goods in a 20-foot container, in US dollars. All fees charged by government agencies and the private sector to a trader in the process of exporting and importing the goods are taken into account. These include but are not limited to costs for documents, administrative fees for customs clearance and inspections, customs broker fees, port-related charges and inland transport costs. Only official costs are recorded. The component indicator is computed based on the methodology in the DB06-15 studies.


Trading across borders: Cost to export (US$ per container) (DB06-15 methodology) - Score

The score for the cost to export benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance, and is computed based on the methodology in the DB06-15 studies.


Trading across borders: Cost to export: Documentary compliance (USD) (DB16-20 methodology)

The cost for documentary compliance to export records the cost associated with compliance with the export documentary requirements of all government agencies of the origin economy, the destination economy and any transit economies. It is calculated in UD dollars. The cost for documentary compliance includes the cost for obtaining, preparing, processing, presenting and submitting documents. Insurance cost and informal payments for which no receipt is issued are excluded from the costs recorded. The component indicator is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Trading across borders: Cost to export: Documentary compliance (USD) (DB16-20 methodology) - Score

The score for the cost for documentary compliance to export benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance, and is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Time to export (days) (DB06-15 methodology)

The time to export records the time associated with exporting a standardized cargo of goods by sea transport through 4 predefined stages: document preparation; customs clearance and inspections; inland transport and handling; and port and terminal handling. It is calculated in calendar days. The time calculation for each of the 4 predefined stages starts from the moment the stage is initiated and runs until it is completed. Fast-track procedures applying only to firms located in an export processing zone, or only to certain accredited firms under authorized economic operator programs, are not taken into account because they are not available to all trading companies. Sea transport time is not included. It is assumed that neither the exporter nor the importer wastes time and that each commits to completing the process without delay. It is assumed that document preparation, inland transport and handling, customs clearance and inspections, and port and terminal handling require a minimum time of 1 day each and cannot take place simultaneously. The component indicator is computed based on the methodology in the DB06-15 studies.


Trading across borders: Time to export: Border compliance (hours) (DB16-20 methodology) - Score

The score for the time for border compliance to export benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance, and is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Trading across borders: Time to export: Documentary compliance (hours) (DB16-20 methodology) - Score

The score for the time for documentary compliance to export benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance, and is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Trading across borders: Time to export (days) (DB06-15 methodology) - Score

The score for the time to export benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance, and is computed based on the methodology in the DB06-15 studies.


Time to import: Border compliance (hours) (DB16-20 methodology)

The time for border compliance to import records the time associated with compliance with the economy’s customs regulations and with regulations relating to other inspections that are mandatory in order for the import shipment to cross the economy’s border, as well as the time and cost for handling that takes place at its port or border. It is calculate in hours. The time for this segment includes time for customs clearance and inspection procedures conducted by other agencies. If all customs clearance and other inspections take place at the port or border at the same time, the time estimate for border compliance takes this simultaneity into account. The component indicator is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Trading across borders: Cost to import: Border compliance (USD) (DB16-20 methodology)

The cost for border compliance to import records the cost associated with compliance with the economy’s customs regulations and with regulations relating to other inspections that are mandatory in order for the import shipment to cross the economy’s border, as well as the time and cost for handling that takes place at its port or border. It is calculated in US dollars. The cost for this segment include the cost for customs clearance and inspection procedures conducted by other agencies. For example, the cost for conducting a technical standard inspection would be included here. Informal payments for which no receipt is issued are excluded from the costs recorded. The component indicator is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Trading across borders: Cost to import: Border compliance (USD) (DB16-20 methodology) - Score

The score for the cost for border compliance to import benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance, and is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Trading across borders: Cost to import (US$ per container deflated)(DB06-15 methodology)

The cost to import records the cost associated with importing a standardized cargo of goods by sea transport through 4 predefined stages: document preparation; customs clearance and inspections; inland transport and handling; and port and terminal handling. It is calculated in US dollars per container deflated. Cost measures the fees levied on import of goods in a 20-foot container, in US dollars. All fees charged by government agencies and the private sector to a trader in the process of exporting and importing the goods are taken into account. These include but are not limited to costs for documents, administrative fees for customs clearance and inspections, customs broker fees, port-related charges and inland transport costs. Only official costs are recorded. The component indicator is computed based on the methodology in the DB06-15 studies.


Trading across borders: Cost to import (US$ per container)(DB06-15 methodology) - Score

The score for the cost to import benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance, and is computed based on the methodology in the DB06-15 studies.


Trading across borders: Cost to import: Documentary compliance (USD) (DB16-20 methodology)

The cost for documentary compliance to import records the cost associated with compliance with the import documentary requirements of all government agencies of the origin economy, the destination economy and any transit economies. It is calculated in US dollars. The cost for documentary compliance includes the cost for obtaining, preparing, processing, presenting and submitting documents. Insurance cost and informal payments for which no receipt is issued are excluded from the costs recorded. The component indicator is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Trading across borders: Cost to import: Documentary compliance (USD) (DB16-20 methodology) - Score

The score for the cost for documentary compliance to import benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance, and is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Time to import: Documentary compliance (hours) (DB16-20 methodology)

The time for documentary compliance to import records the time associated with compliance with the import documentary requirements of all government agencies of the origin economy, the destination economy and any transit economies. It is calculated in hours. It  includes the time for obtaining documents, preparing documents, processing documents, presenting documents and submitting documents. All electronic or paper submissions of information requested by any government agency in connection with the shipment are considered to be documents obtained, prepared and submitted during the import process. All documents prepared by the freight forwarder or customs broker for the product and partner pair assumed in the case study are included regardless of whether they are required by law or in practice. The component indicator is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Time to import (days) (DB06-15 methodology)

The time to import records the time associated with importing a standardized cargo of goods by sea transport through 4 predefined stages: document preparation; customs clearance and inspections; inland transport and handling; and port and terminal handling. It is calulcated in calendar days. The time calculation for each of the 4 predefined stages starts from the moment the stage is initiated and runs until it is completed. Fast-track procedures applying only to certain accredited firms under authorized economic operator programs are not taken into account because they are not available to all trading companies. Sea transport time is not included. It is assumed that neither the exporter nor the importer wastes time and that each commits to completing the process without delay. It is assumed that document preparation, inland transport and handling, customs clearance and inspections, and port and terminal handling require a minimum time of 1 day each and cannot take place simultaneously. The component indicator is computed based on the methodology in the DB06-15 studies.


Trading across borders: Time to import: Border compliance (hours) (DB16-20 methodology) - Score

The score for the time for border compliance to import benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance, and is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Trading across borders: Time to import: Documentary compliance (hours) (DB16-20 methodology) - Score

The score for the time for documentary compliance to import benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance, and is computed based on the methodology in the DB16-20 studies.


Trading across borders: Time to import (days) (DB06-15 methodology) - Score

The score for the time to import benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance, and is computed based on the methodology in the DB06-15 studies.


Rank: Trading across borders (1=most business-friendly regulations)

The ranking of economies on the ease of trading across borders is determined by sorting their scores for trading across borders.


Terms of Trade Index (1987=100,US$-based)


Merchandise Terms of Trade (1987 = 100)

Net barter (merchandise) terms of trade (1987 = 100) are the ratio of the export price index to the corresponding import price index measured relative to the base year of 1987.


Net barter terms of trade index (2015 = 100)

Net barter terms of trade index is calculated as the percentage ratio of the export unit value indexes to the import unit value indexes, measured relative to the base year 2015.


Number of product (exports)

Number of products (at SITC, Revision 3, 3-digit group level) exported by country or country grouping; this figure includes only those products that are greater than 100,000 dollars or more than 0.3 per cent of the country’s or country group’s total exports.  The maximum number of products is 261.


Export product concentration index

This indicator reflects the Herfindahl-Hirschmann index measure of the degree of export concentration within a country.  The sectoral Hirschmann index is defined as the square root of the sum of the squared shares of exports of each industry in total exports for the region under study.  Takes a value between 0 and 1, with 1 indicating that only a single product is exported.  Higher values indicate that exports are concentrated in fewer sectors.  On the contrary, values closer to 0 reflect a more equal distribution of market shares among exporters. Note that this type of concentration indicator tends to be quite vulnerable to cyclical fluctuations in relative-prices, in a way that commodity price rises make commodity exporters look more concentrated.


Export product diversification index

The diversification index signals whether the structure of exports by product of a given country or group of countries differ from the structure of product of the world.  Diversification index is computed by measuring absolute deviation of the country share from world structure.  Diversification index that ranges from 0 to 1 reveals the extent of the differences between the structure of trade of the country or country group and the world average. The index value closer to 1 indicates a bigger difference from the world average. It is constructed as the inverse of a Herfindahl index, using disaggregated exports at 4 digits (following the STIC3).


Medium and high-tech exports (% manufactured exports)

Share of medium and high-tech manufactured exports in total manufactured exports.

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Competitive Industrial Performance (CIP) database


Fuel Export Price Index (1980=100, US$-based)


Manufactures Exp. Price Index (1980=100, US$-based)


Merchandise export price index (1987 = 100)


Export Price Index, fob (1980=100, US$-based)


Export Price Index, fob (1987=100,US$-based)


This item is a price index measuring changes in the aggregate price level of a country's merchandise exports f.o.b. over time.


Nonfuel Prim.Prod.Exp.Price Index (1980=100,US$-based)


Export price index, (nonfactor) services

This item is a price index measuring changes in the aggregate price level of a country's non-factor services exports over time with 1987 price index=100.


Exports of commodity 1 (volume index)

Export volume index of commodity 1 with 1987=100.


Exports of commodity 2 (volume index)

Export volume index of commodity 2 with 1987=100.


Exports of commodity 3 (volume index)

Export volume index of commodity 3 with 1987=100.


Exports of commodity 4 (volume index)

Export volume index of commodity 4 with 1987=100.


Export volume index, manufactures

Export volume index of manufactures with 1987=100.


Merchandise export volume index

Merchandise exports volume index with 1987=100.


Export volume index (2015 = 100)

Export volume indexes are derived from UNCTAD's volume index series and are the ratio of the export value indexes to the corresponding unit value indexes. Unit value indexes are based on data reported by countries that demonstrate consistency under UNCTAD quality controls, supplemented by UNCTAD's estimates using the previous year's trade values at the Standard International Trade Classification three-digit level as weights.


Export volume index, (nonfactor) services

Exports of (non-factor) services. Data; Volume index with 1987=100.


Export volume index, other primary commodities

Export volume index of other primary commodities with 1987=100.


Export unit value index (2015 = 100)

Export unit value indices come from UNCTAD's trade database. Unit value indices are based on data reported by countries that demonstrate consistency under UNCTAD quality controls, supplemented by UNCTAD’s estimates using the previous year’s trade values at the Standard International Trade Classification three-digit level as weights. To improve data coverage, especially for the latest periods, UNCTAD constructs a set of average prices indexes at the three-digit product classification of the Standard International Trade Classification revision 3 using UNCTAD’s Commodity Price Statistics, interna¬tional and national sources, and UNCTAD secretariat estimates.


Agricultural raw materials exports (% of merchandise exports)

Agricultural raw materials comprise SITC section 2 (crude materials except fuels) excluding divisions 22, 27 (crude fertilizers and minerals excluding coal, petroleum, and precious stones), and 28 (metalliferous ores and scrap).


Exports of commodity 1 (current US$)

Exports of commodity 1 in current US dollars and fob basis.


Exports of commodity 1 (constant US$)

Exports of commodity 1 in 1987 constant US dollars and fob basis.


Exports of commodity 2 (current US$)

Exports of commodity 2 in current US dollars and fob basis.


Exports of commodity 2 (constant US$)

Exports of commodity 2 in 1987 constant US dollars and fob basis.


Exports of commodity 3 (current US$)

Exports of commodity 3 in current US dollars and fob basis.


Exports of commodity 3 (constant US$)

Exports of commodity 3 in 1987 constant US dollars and fob basis.


Exports of commodity 4 (current US$)

Exports of commodity 4 in current US dollars and fob basis.


Exports of commodity 4 (constant US$)

Exports of commodity 4 in 1987 constant US dollars and fob basis.


Fuels, minerals, and metals (% of merchandise exports)


Food exports (% of merchandise exports)

Food comprises the commodities in SITC sections 0 (food and live animals), 1 (beverages and tobacco), and 4 (animal and vegetable oils and fats) and SITC division 22 (oil seeds, oil nuts, and oil kernels).


Fuel exports (% of merchandise exports)

Fuels comprise the commodities in SITC section 3 (mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials).


ICT goods exports (% of total goods exports)

Information and communication technology goods exports include computers and peripheral equipment, communication equipment, consumer electronic equipment, electronic components, and other information and technology goods (miscellaneous).


Insurance and financial services (% of commercial service exports)

Insurance and financial services cover freight insurance on goods exported and other direct insurance such as life insurance; financial intermediation services such as commissions, foreign exchange transactions, and brokerage services; and auxiliary services such as financial market operational and regulatory services.


Manufactures exports (current US$)

Manufactures comprise the commodities in SITC sections 5 (chemicals), 6 (basic manufactures), 7 (machinery and transport equipment), and 8 (miscellaneous manufactured goods), excluding division 68 (nonferrous metals).

World Bank staff estimates from the COMTRADE database maintained by the United Nations Statistics Division.


Manufactures exports (constant US$)

Manufactures comprise the commodities in SITC sections 5 (chemicals), 6 (basic manufactures), 7 (machinery and transport equipment), and 8 (miscellaneous manufactured goods), excluding division 68 (nonferrous metals) in 1987 constant US dollars. Values are on fob basis.


Manufactures exports (% of merchandise exports)

Manufactures comprise commodities in SITC sections 5 (chemicals), 6 (basic manufactures), 7 (machinery and transport equipment), and 8 (miscellaneous manufactured goods), excluding division 68 (non-ferrous metals).


Machinery and transport equipment (% of merchandise exports)


Ores and metals exports (% of merchandise exports)

Ores and metals comprise the commodities in SITC sections 27 (crude fertilizer, minerals nes); 28 (metalliferous ores, scrap); and 68 (non-ferrous metals).


Merchandise exports to economies in the Arab World (% of total merchandise exports)

Merchandise exports to economies in the Arab World are the sum of merchandise exports by the reporting economy to economies in the Arab World. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.


Merchandise exports (UN, current US$)

Merchandise exports show the f.o.b. value of goods provided to the rest of the world valued in current U.S. dollars.


Merchandise exports, WB (current US$)

Merchandise exports (current US$) show the f.o.b. value of goods provided to the rest of the world valued in U.S. dollars. They are classified using the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC). Data are in current U.S. dollars.


Merchandise exports to high-income economies (current US$)

Merchandise exports to high-income economies are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to high-income economies according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.


Merchandise exports to high-income economies (% of total merchandise exports)

Merchandise exports to high-income economies are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to high-income economies according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.


Merchandise exports (constant US$)

Merchandise exports (constant 1987 US$) show the f.o.b. value of goods provided to the rest of the world valued in U.S. dollars. They are classified using the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC). Data are in constant U.S. dollars.


Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies outside region (current US$)

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies outside region are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to other low- and middle-income economies in other World Bank regions according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.


Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies outside region (% of total merchandise exports)

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies outside region are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to other low- and middle-income economies in other World Bank regions according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.


Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in East Asia & Pacific (current US$)

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in East Asia and Pacific are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the East Asia and Pacific region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.


Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in East Asia & Pacific (% of total merchandise exports)

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in East Asia and Pacific are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the East Asia and Pacific region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.


Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Europe & Central Asia (current US$)

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Europe and Central Asia are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the Europe and Central Asia region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.


Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Europe & Central Asia (% of total merchandise exports)

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Europe and Central Asia are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the Europe and Central Asia region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.


Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Latin America & the Caribbean (current US$)

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Latin America and the Caribbean are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the Latin America and the Caribbean region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.


Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Latin America & the Caribbean (% of total merchandise exports)

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Latin America and the Caribbean are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the Latin America and the Caribbean region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.


Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Middle East & North Africa (current US$)

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Middle East and North Africa are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the Middle East and North Africa region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.


Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Middle East & North Africa (% of total merchandise exports)

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Middle East and North Africa are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the Middle East and North Africa region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.


Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in South Asia (current US$)

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in South Asia are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the South Asia region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.


Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in South Asia (% of total merchandise exports)

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in South Asia are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the South Asia region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.


Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Sub-Saharan Africa (current US$)

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Sub-Saharan Africa are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the Sub-Saharan Africa region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.


Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Sub-Saharan Africa (% of total merchandise exports)

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Sub-Saharan Africa are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the Sub-Saharan Africa region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.


Merchandise exports by the reporting economy, residual (% of total merchandise exports)

Merchandise exports by the reporting economy residuals are the total merchandise exports by the reporting economy to the rest of the world as reported in the IMF's Direction of trade database, less the sum of exports by the reporting economy to high-, low-, and middle-income economies according to the World Bank classification of economies. Includes trade with unspecified partners or with economies not covered by World Bank classification. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy.


Merchandise exports by the reporting economy (current US$)

Merchandise exports by the reporting economy are the total merchandise exports by the reporting economy to the rest of the world, as reported in the IMF's Direction of trade database. Data are in current US$.


Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies within region (current US$)

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies within region are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to other low- and middle-income economies in the same World Bank region. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data. No figures are shown for high-income economies, because they are a separate category in the World Bank classification of economies.


Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies within region (% of total merchandise exports)

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies within region are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to other low- and middle-income economies in the same World Bank region as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data. No figures are shown for high-income economies, because they are a separate category in the World Bank classification of economies.


Export value index (2015 = 100)

Export values are the current value of exports (f.o.b.) converted to U.S. dollars and expressed as a percentage of the average for the base period (2015). UNCTAD's export value indexes are reported for most economies.


Non-food primary commodities (% of merchandise exports)


Exports of Nonfuel Primary Prod.(US$,curr. pr.)


CP Exports of Nonfuel Primary Products (US$)


Other primary commodities exports (current US$)

Exports of other primary commodities in current US dollars and fob basis.


Other primary commodities exports (constant US$)

Exports of other primary commodities in 1987 constant US dollars and fob basis.


Other primary commodities (% of merchandise exports)


Computer, communications and other services (% of commercial service exports) include such activities as international telecommunications, and postal and courier services; computer data; news-related service transactions between residents and nonresidents; construction services; royalties and license fees; miscellaneous business, professional, and technical services; and personal, cultural, and recreational services.


Commercial service exports (current US$)

Commercial service exports are total service exports minus exports of government services not included elsewhere. International transactions in services are defined by the IMF's Balance of Payments Manual (1993) as the economic output of intangible commodities that may be produced, transferred, and consumed at the same time. Definitions may vary among reporting economies.


Ratio of commercial service exports to merchandise exports (%)


Primary commodities exports (current US$)

Total Primary Commodities exports in current US dollars. Values are in fob basis.


Primary commodities exports (constant US$)

Total Primary Commodities exports in 1987 constant US dollars. Values are in fob basis.


High-technology exports (current US$)

High-technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

United Nations, Comtrade database through the WITS platform.


High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)


High-technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery.


Transport services (% of commercial service exports) covers all transport services (sea, air, land, internal waterway, space, and pipeline) performed by residents of one economy for those of another and involving the carriage of passengers, movement of goods (freight), rental of carriers with crew, and related support and auxiliary services. Excluded are freight insurance, which is included in insurance services; goods procured in ports by nonresident carriers and repairs of transport equipment, which are included in goods; repairs of railway facilities, harbors, and airfield facilities, which are included in construction services; and rental of carriers without crew, which is included in other services.


Travel services (% of commercial service exports) covers goods and services acquired from an economy by travelers in that economy for their own use during visits of less than one year for business or personal purposes. Travel services include the goods and services consumed by travelers, such as lodging and meals and transport (within the economy visited).


Textiles and clothing (% of merchandise exports)


Other manufactures (% of merchandise exports)


Growth of merch. exports (av. ann grwth %)


Total Tax Revenue Sharing from duty on the acquisition of land and building rights (BPHTB) (in IDR, realization value)


Total Tax Revenue Sharing from income tax (PPh) (in IDR, realization value)


Total Tax Revenue Sharing from land and building tax (PBB) (in IDR, realization value)


Transfers from Higher Level of Government


(i) Outturn of transfers from higher-level government


(iii) Timeliness of transfers from higher-level government


Administration of a nationally-representative learning assessment at the end of lower secondary education in mathematics (number)

This indicator evaluates whether a national or cross-national assessment of learning outcomes was conducted in the last 5 years in (a) reading, writing or language and (b) mathematics at the relevant stages of education. The indicator is expressed as a simple ‘yes’ or ‘no’ for each subject area and each stage of education. The implementation of a learning assessment in the reference period serves as an educational vital tool to assess progress. 'Yes’ values indicate that the country is monitoring learning outcomes regularly at the given stage of education and in the given subject areas. This will enable the country to review and adapt as necessary its national policies on education and learning to ensure that all children and young people have the opportunity to acquire basic skills at each education level and in each subject area. Data on the administration of a large-scale assessment from a national representative sample from national learning assessment offices, ministries of education or other bodies responsible for learning assessments, including regional or international organizations running learning assessments (e.g. Conférence des ministres de l'Éducation des États et gouvernements de la Francophonie (CONFEMEN), Educational Quality and Assessment Programme (EQAP), International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Education Quality (SACMEQ) and Third Regional Comparative and Explanatory Study (TERCE). For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute for Statistics: http://uis.unesco.org/


Administration of a nationally-representative learning assessment at the end of lower secondary education in reading (number)


Administration of a nationally-representative learning assessment at the end of primary in mathematics (number)


Administration of a nationally-representative learning assessment at the end of primary in reading (number)


Administration of a nationally representative learning assessment in Grade 2 or 3 in mathematics (number)


Administration of a nationally representative learning assessment in Grade 2 or 3 in reading (number)


Percentage of total aid to education allocated to least developed countries (%)

Total gross official development assistance (ODA) for education in least developed countries (including early childhood, primary, secondary, post-secondary non-tertiary and tertiary education) as well as scholarships and student costs in donor countries expressed as a percentage of total gross official development assistance to education. A high value indicates that least developed countries are being prioritised to receive aid for education. Least developed countries are those defined by the UN Office of the High Representative for Least Developed Countries, Landlocked States and Small Island Developing States (UN-OHRLLS). Official development assistance is defined as grants or loans to countries and territories and to multilateral institutions provided by state and local governments or their executive agencies with the objective of promoting the economic development and welfare of developing countries and territories. Such grants or loans are provided on concessional financial terms and, in the case of loans, contain a grant element of at least 25 per cent. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, adjusted gender parity index (GPIA)

The Adjusted Gender Parity Index (GPIA) is calculated by dividing the female value for the indicator by the male value for the indicator. If the resulting value exceeds 1, the ratio is inverted and subtracted from 2. The adjusted gender parity index is symmetrical around 1 and lies in the range 0-2. An adjusted GPI equal to 1 indicates parity between females and males. In general, a value less than 1 indicates disparity in favor of males and a value greater than 1 indicates disparity in favor of females. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute for Statistics: http://uis.unesco.org/


Gross intake ratio to the last grade of lower secondary general education, adjusted gender parity index (GPIA)


Teachers in tertiary education ISCED 6, 7 and 8 programmes, both sexes (number)

Total number of teachers in public and private tertiary education institutions (ISCED 6-8). Teachers are persons employed full time or part time in an official capacity to guide and direct the learning experience of pupils and students, irrespective of their qualifications or the delivery mechanism, i.e. face-to-face and/or at a distance. This definition excludes educational personnel who have no active teaching duties (e.g. headmasters, headmistresses or principals who do not teach) and persons who work occasionally or in a voluntary capacity in educational institutions. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Teachers in tertiary education ISCED 6, 7 and 8 programmes, female (number)

Total number of female teachers in public and private short-cycle tertiary education institutions (ISCED 6-8). Teachers are persons employed full time or part time in an official capacity to guide and direct the learning experience of pupils and students, irrespective of their qualifications or the delivery mechanism, i.e. face-to-face and/or at a distance. This definition excludes educational personnel who have no active teaching duties (e.g. headmasters, headmistresses or principals who do not teach) and persons who work occasionally or in a voluntary capacity in educational institutions. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Teachers in tertiary education ISCED 6, 7 and 8 programmes, male (number)

Total number of male teachers in public and private short-cycle tertiary education institutions (ISCED 6-8). Teachers are persons employed full time or part time in an official capacity to guide and direct the learning experience of pupils and students, irrespective of their qualifications or the delivery mechanism, i.e. face-to-face and/or at a distance. This definition excludes educational personnel who have no active teaching duties (e.g. headmasters, headmistresses or principals who do not teach) and persons who work occasionally or in a voluntary capacity in educational institutions. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Official entrance age to compulsory education (years)

Official age when students should enter compulsory education assuming they start at the official entrance age for the lowest level of education, study full-time throughout and progressed through the system without repeating or skipping a grade. The theoretical entrance age to a given programme or level is typically, but not always, the most common entrance age.


Completion rate, primary education, both sexes (%)

The number of persons in the relevant age group who have completed the last grade of the given level of education is expressed as a percentage of the total population (in the survey sample) of the same age group. The primary completion rate is the percentage of a cohort of children or young people aged 3-5 years above the intended age for the last grade of primary education who have completed that grade. The intended age for the last grade of primary education is the age at which pupils would enter the grade if they had started school at the official primary entrance age, had studied full-time and had progressed without repeating or skipping a grade. For example, if the official age of entry into primary education is 6 years, and if primary education has 6 grades, the intended age for the last grade of primary education is 11 years. In this case, 14-16 years (11 + 3 = 14 and 11 + 5 = 16) would be the reference age group for calculation of the primary completion rate. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/


Completion rate, primary education, female (%)


Completion rate, primary education, female, adjusted location parity index (LPIA)

The Adjusted Location Parity Index (LPIA) is calculated by dividing the rural value for the indicator by the urban value for the indicator. If the resulting value exceeds 1, the ratio is inverted and subtracted from 2. The adjusted location parity index is symmetrical around 1 and lies in the range 0-2. An adjusted LPI equal to 1 indicates parity between rural and urban locations. In general, a value less than 1 indicates disparity in favor of urban locations and a value greater than 1 indicates disparity in favor of rural locations. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute for Statistics: http://uis.unesco.org/


Completion rate, primary education, female, adjusted wealth parity index (WPIA)

The Adjusted Wealth Parity Index (WPIA) is calculated by dividing the poorest quintile value for the indicator by the richest quintile value for the indicator. If the resulting value exceeds 1, the ratio is inverted and subtracted from 2. The adjusted wealth parity index is symmetrical around 1 and lies in the range 0-2. An adjusted WPI equal to 1 indicates parity between the richest and poorest quintiles. In general, a value less than 1 indicates disparity in favor of the richest quintile and a value greater than 1 indicates disparity in favor of the poorest quintile. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute for Statistics: http://uis.unesco.org/


Completion rate, primary education, adjusted gender parity index (GPIA)