Taxes on goods and services (% value added of industry and services)

International Monetary Fund, Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files, and World Bank and OECD value added estimates.


Customs and other import duties (current LCU)

Customs and other import duties are all levies collected on goods that are entering the country or services delivered by nonresidents to residents. They include levies imposed for revenue or protection purposes and determined on a specific or ad valorem basis as long as they are restricted to imported goods or services.

International Monetary Fund, Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files.


Customs and other import duties (% of tax revenue)


Taxes on international trade (current LCU)

Taxes on international trade include import duties, export duties, profits of export or import monopolies, exchange profits, and exchange taxes.


Taxes on international trade (% of revenue)


Other taxes (current LCU)

Other taxes include employer payroll or labor taxes, taxes on property, and taxes not allocable to other categories, such as penalties for late payment or nonpayment of taxes.


Tax revenue (current LCU)

Tax revenue refers to compulsory transfers to the central government for public purposes. Certain compulsory transfers such as fines, penalties, and most social security contributions are excluded. Refunds and corrections of erroneously collected tax revenue are treated as negative revenue.


Tax revenue (% of GDP)

International Monetary Fund, Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files, and World Bank and OECD GDP estimates.


Taxes on income, profits and capital gains (current LCU)

Taxes on income, profits, and capital gains are levied on the actual or presumptive net income of individuals, on the profits of corporations and enterprises, and on capital gains, whether realized or not, on land, securities, and other assets. Intragovernmental payments are eliminated in consolidation.


Taxes on income, profits and capital gains (% of revenue)


Taxes on income, profits and capital gains (% of total taxes)


Compensation of employees (current LCU)

Compensation of employees consists of all payments in cash, as well as in kind (such as food and housing), to employees in return for services rendered, and government contributions to social insurance schemes such as social security and pensions that provide benefits to employees.


Compensation of employees (% of expense)


Goods and services expense (current LCU)

Goods and services include all government payments in exchange for goods and services used for the production of market and nonmarket goods and services. Own-account capital formation is excluded.


Goods and services expense (% of expense)


Interest payments (current LCU)

Interest payments include interest payments on government debt--including long-term bonds, long-term loans, and other debt instruments--to domestic and foreign residents.


Other expense (current LCU)

Other expense is spending on dividends, rent, and other miscellaneous expenses, including provision for consumption of fixed capital.


Expense (current US$)

Expense is cash payments for operating activities of the government in providing goods and services. It includes compensation of employees (such as wages and salaries), interest and subsidies, grants, social benefits, and other expenses such as rent and dividends. Data are in current U.S. dollars.


Expense (current LCU)

Expense is cash payments for operating activities of the government in providing goods and services. It includes compensation of employees (such as wages and salaries), interest and subsidies, grants, social benefits, and other expenses such as rent and dividends.


Subsidies and other transfers (current LCU)

Subsidies, grants, and other social benefits include all unrequited, nonrepayable transfers on current account to private and public enterprises; grants to foreign governments, international organizations, and other government units; and social security, social assistance benefits, and employer social benefits in cash and in kind.


Subsidies and other transfers (% of expense)


10th pillar: Market size

This indicator is a derived from the following indicators: (a) Domestic market size index  (b) Foreign market size index.

The Global Competitiveness Report: various issues (http://gcr.weforum.org/).


11th pillar: Business sophistication

This indicator is a derived from the following indicators:  (a) Local supplier quantity (b) Local supplier quality (c) State of cluster development (d) Nature of competitive advantage (e) Value chain breadth (f)  Control of international distribution (g) Production process sophistication (h) Extent of marketing and (i) Willingness to delegate authority.


12th pillar: Innovation

This indicator is a derived from the following indicators:  (a) Capacity for innovation (b) Quality of scientific research institutions (c) Company spending on R&D (d) University-industry collaboration in R&D (e) Gov’t procurement of advanced tech product (f) Availability of scientist and engineers and (g) Utility patents per million population.


1st pillar: Institutions

This indicator is a derived from the following indicators:  (a) Property rights (b) Intellectual property protection (c) Diversion of public funds (d) Public trust of politicians (e) Irregular payments and bribes (f) Judicial independence (g) Favoritism in decisions of government officials (h) Wastefulness of government officials (i) Burden of government regulation (j) Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes (k) Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regulations (l) Transparency of government policymaking (m) Business costs of terrorism (n) Business costs of crime and violence (o) Organized crime (p) Reliability of police services (q) Ethical behavior of firms (r) Strength of auditing and reporting standards (s) Efficacy of corporate boards (t) Protection of minority shareholders interests and (u) Strength of investor protection.


2nd pillar: Infrastructure

This indicator is a derived from the following indicators: - (a) Quality of overall infrastructure (b) Quality of roads (c) Quality of railroad infrastructure (d) Quality of port infrastructure (e) Quality of air transport infrastructure (f) Available airline seat kilometers (g) Quality of electricity supply (h) Fixed telephone lines and (i) Mobile telephone subscriptions.


3rd pillar: Macroeconomic stability

This indicator is a derived from the following indicators: - (a) Government budget balance (b) National savings rate (c) Inflation (d) Interest rate spread (e) Government debt and (f) Country credit rating.


4th pllar: Health and primary education

This indicator is a derived from the following indicators: - (a) Business impact of malaria (b) Malaria incidence (c) Business impact of tuberculosis (d) Tuberculosis incidence (e) Business impact of HIV/AIDS (f) HIV prevalence (g) Infant mortality (h) Life expectancy (i) Quality of primary education and (j) Primary education enrollment rate.


5th pillar: Higher education and training

This indicator is a derived from the following indicators: - (a) Secondary enrollment (b) Tertiary enrollment (c) Quality of the educational system  (d) Quality of math and science education (e) Quality of management schools (f) Internet access in schools (g) Local availibity of research and training services and (h) Extent of staff training.


6th pillar: Goods market efficiency

This indicator is a derived from the following indicators: - (a) Intensity of local competition (b) Extent of market dominance (c) Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy (d) Extent and effect of taxation (e) Total tax rate  (f) Number of procedures required to start a business (g) Time required to start a business (h) Agricultural policy costs (i) Prevalence of trade barriers (j) Trade tariffs (k) Prevalence of foreign ownership (l) Business impact of rules on FDI (m) Burden of customs procedures (n) Degree of customer orientation and (o) Buyer sophistication.


7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

This indicator is a derived from the following indicators: - (a) Cooperation in labor-employer relations (b) Flexibility of wage determination (c) Rigidity of employment (d) Hiring and firing practices (e) Firing costs  (f) Pay and productivity (g) Reliance on professional management (g) Brain drain and (h) Female participation in labor force.


8th pillar: Financial market sophistication

This indicator is a derived from the following indicators: - (a) Availability of financial services (b) Affordability of financial services  (c) Financing through local equity market (d) Ease of access to loans (e) Venture capital availability  (f) Restriction on capital flows (g) Soundness of banks (h) Regulation of securities exchanges and (i) Legal rights index.


9th pillar: Techonological readiness

This indicator is a derived from the following indicators: - (a) Availability of latest technologies (b) Firm-level technology absorption (c) FDI and technology transfer (d) Internet users  (f)Broadband Internet subscriptions and  (g) Internet bandwidth.


Global Competitiveness Index (GCI)

The Global Competitiveness Index (GCI), a highly comprehensive index, which captures the microeconomic and macroeconomic foundations of national competitiveness.  Competitiveness as the set of institutions, policies, and factors that determine the level of productivity of a country.


Innovation and sophistication factors (weighted index 11th pillar to 12 th pillar)

The innovation and sophistication factors subindex includes the pillars (pillar 11 and 12) critical to countries in the innovation-driven stage.


Basic requirements (weighted index 1st pillar to 4th pillar)

The basic requirements subindex groups those pillars (pillar 1 to 4) most critical for countries in the factor-driven stage.


Efficiency enhancers (weighted index 5th to 10th pillar)

The efficiency enhancers subindex includes those pillars critical for countries in the efficiency-driven stage (pillar 5 to 10).


Global Competitive Index (GCI) rank

"This ranks each country for The Global Competitiveness Index (GCI).  The 2006–2007 rank is out of 125 countries.
  The 2007–2008 rank is out of 131 countries.  The 2008–2009 rank is out of 134 countries.  The 2009–2010 rank is out of 133 countries."


Government Effectiveness: Estimate

Government Effectiveness captures perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government's commitment to such policies. Estimate gives the country's score on the aggregate indicator, in units of a standard normal distribution, i.e. ranging from approximately -2.5 to 2.5.

Detailed documentation of the WGI, interactive tools for exploring the data, and full access to the underlying source data available at www.govindicators.org. The WGI are produced by Daniel Kaufmann (Natural Resource Governance Institute and Brookings Institution) and Aart Kraay (World Bank Development Research Group).  Please cite Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2010).  "The Worldwide Governance Indicators:  Methodology and Analytical Issues".  World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5430 (http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1682130).  The WGI do not reflect the official views of the Natural Resource Governance Institute, the Brookings Institution, the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent.


Government Effectiveness: Number of Sources

Government Effectiveness captures perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government's commitment to such policies.  Number of sources indicates the number of underlying data sources on which the aggregate estimate is based.


Government Effectiveness: Percentile Rank

Government Effectiveness captures perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government's commitment to such policies. Percentile rank indicates the country's rank among all countries covered by the aggregate indicator, with 0 corresponding to lowest rank, and 100 to highest rank.  Percentile ranks have been adjusted to correct for changes over time in the composition of the countries covered by the WGI.


Government Effectiveness: Percentile Rank, Lower Bound of 90% Confidence Interval

Government Effectiveness captures perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government's commitment to such policies. Percentile rank indicates the country's rank among all countries covered by the aggregate indicator, with 0 corresponding to lowest rank, and 100 to highest rank.  Percentile ranks have been adjusted to correct for changes over time in the composition of the countries covered by the WGI.  Percentile Rank Lower refers to lower bound of 90 percent confidence interval for governance, expressed in percentile rank terms.


Government Effectiveness: Percentile Rank, Upper Bound of 90% Confidence Interval

Government Effectiveness captures perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government's commitment to such policies. Percentile rank indicates the country's rank among all countries covered by the aggregate indicator, with 0 corresponding to lowest rank, and 100 to highest rank.  Percentile ranks have been adjusted to correct for changes over time in the composition of the countries covered by the WGI.  Percentile Rank Upper refers to upper bound of 90 percent confidence interval for governance, expressed in percentile rank terms.


Government Effectiveness: Standard Error

Government Effectiveness captures perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government's commitment to such policies. Standard error indicates the precision of the estimate of governance.  Larger values of the standard error indicate less precise estimates.  A 90 percent confidence interval for the governance estimate is given by the estimate +/- 1.64 times the standard error.


Primary government expenditures as a proportion of original approved budget (%)

Primary government expenditures as a proportion of original approved budget measures the extent to which aggregate budget expenditure outturn reflects the amount originally approved, as defined in government budget documentation and fiscal reports. The coverage is budgetary central government (BCG) and the time period covered is the last three completed fiscal years.

Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA). Ministry of Finance (MoF).


Received wages or government transfers into an account (% age 15+)


Received wages or government transfers into an account, female (% age 15+)


Received wages or government transfers into an account, male (% age 15+)


Received wages or government transfers into an account, income, poorest 40% (% age 15+)


Received wages or government transfers into an account, income, richest 60% (% age 15+)


Received wages or government transfers into an account, (% ages 15-34)


Received wages or government transfers into an account (% ages 35-59)


Received wages or government transfers into an account (% age 60+)


Made payment using a mobile phone or the internet (% age 15+)


Made payment using a mobile phone or the internet, female (% age 15+)


Made payment using a mobile phone or the internet, male (% age 15+)


Made payment using a mobile phone or the internet, income, poorest 40% (% age 15+)


Made payment using a mobile phone or the internet, income, richest 60% (% age 15+)


Made payment using a mobile phone or the internet (% ages 15-34)


Made payment using a mobile phone or the internet (% ages 35-59)


Made payment using a mobile phone or the internet (% age 60+)


Active account, income, poorest 40% (% age 15+)


Active account, income, richest 60% (% age 15+)


Bank accounts per 1,000 adults

For each country calculated as: 1,000*reported number of depositors/adult population in the reporting country.

Financial Access Survey (FAS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)


Bank branches per 100,000 adults

For each country calculated as: 100,000*reported number of depositors/adult population in the reporting country.


Firms with a bank loan or line of credit (%)

Percentage of firms in the formal sector with a line of credit or a loan from a formal financial institution, such as a bank, credit union, microfinance institution, or cooperative.


Small firms with a bank loan or line of credit (%)

Percentage of small firms (5-19 workers) in the formal sector with a line of credit or a loan from a (formal) financial institution, such as a bank, credit union, microfinance institution, or cooperative.


Account at a formal financial institution (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents with an account (self or together with someone else) at a bank, credit union, another financial institution (e.g., cooperative, microfinance institution), or the post office (if applicable) including respondents who reported having a debit card (% age 15+).

Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database, World Bank


Saved at a financial institution in the past year (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report saving or setting aside any money by using an account at a formal financial institution such as a bank, credit union, microfinance institution, or cooperative in the past 12 months (% age 15+).


Loan from a financial institution in the past year (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report borrowing any money from a bank, credit union, microfinance institution, or another financial institution such as a cooperative in the past 12 months (% age 15+).


Account used for business purposes (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report using their accounts at a formal financial institution for business purposes only or for both business purposes and personal transactions (% age 15+).


Account used to receive government payments (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report using their accounts at a formal financial institution to receive money or payments from the government in the past 12 months (% age 15+).


Account used to receive remittances (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report using their accounts at a formal financial institution to receive money from family members living elsewhere in the past 12 months (% age 15+).


Account used to receive wages (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report using their accounts at a formal financial institution to receive money or payments for work or from selling goods in the past 12 months (% age 15+).


Saved any money in the past year (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report saving or setting aside any money in the past 12 months (% age 15+).


Saved using a savings club in the past year (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report saving or setting aside any money by using an informal savings club or a person outside the family in the past 12 months (% age 15+).


Loan in the past year (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who borrowed any money in the past 12 months from any of the following sources: a formal financial institution, a store by using installment credit, family or friends, employer, or another private lender (% age 15+). (Note that getting a loan does not necessarily require having an account.)


Loan from a private lender in the past year (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report borrowing any money from a private lender in the past 12 months (% age 15+).


Loan from an employer in the past year (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report borrowing any money from an employer in the past 12 months (% age 15+).


Loan through store credit in the past year (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who borrowed any money in the past 12 months from a store by using installment credit or buying on credit (% age 15+).


Loan from family or friends in the past year (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report borrowing any money from family or friends in the past 12 months (% age 15+).


Checks used to make payments (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who used checks in the past 12 months to make payments on bills or to buy things using money from their accounts (% age 15+).


Credit card (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents with a credit card (% age 15+).


Debit card (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents with a debit card (% age 15+).


Electronic payments used to make payments (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who used electronic payments (payments that one makes or that are made automatically including wire transfers or payments made online) in the past 12 months to make payments on bills or to buy things using money from their accounts (% age 15+).


Mobile phone used to pay bills (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report using a mobile phone to pay bills in the past 12 months (% age 15+).


Mobile phone used to send money (% age 15+)

The percentage of respondents who report using a mobile phone to send money in the past 12 months (% age 15+).


ATMs per 100,000 adults

For each country calculated as: 100,000*Number of ATMs/adult population in the reporting country.


Depositing/withdrawing at least once in a typical month (% age 15+)

Adults depositing/withdrawing at least once in a typical month (% age 15+). It is calculated as follows: (100 - "0 deposits/withdrawals in typical month (% with an account,  age 15+)" ) * ("Account at a formal financial institution (% age 15+)") / 100.  "0 deposits/withdrawals in typical month (% with an account,  age 15+)" denotes the percentage of respondents with an account at a formal financial institution who report making zero deposits into or zero withdrawals from their personal account(s) in a typical month (also called “inactive account”). This includes cash or electronic deposits, or any time money is put into or removed from account(s) by self or others (% age 15+, with an account). "Account at a formal financial institution (% age 15+)" denotes the percentage of respondents with an account (self or together with someone else) at a bank, credit union, another financial institution (e.g., cooperative, microfinance institution), or the post office (if applicable) including respondents who reported having a debit card (% age 15+).


Firms with a checking or savings account (%)

Percentage of firms with a checking or savings account.


Firms using banks to finance investments (%)

Percentage of firms using banks to finance purchases of fixed assets.


Firms using banks to finance working capital (%)

Percentage of firms using bank loans to finance working capital.


Loans requiring collateral (%)

Percentage of loans where a formal financial institution requires collateral in order to provide the financing.


Value of collateral needed for a loan (% of the loan amount)

Value of collateral needed by a formal financial institution for a loan or line of credit as a percentage of the loan value or the value of the line of credit.


Firms not needing a loan (%)

Percent of firms that did not apply for a loan in the last fiscal year because they did not need a loan. The denominator is the sum of all firms who applied and did not apply for a loan. The numerator is the number of firms who did not apply for a loan and also stated that they did not need a loan.


Firms whose recent loan application was rejected (%)

Percent of firms whose most recent loan application was rejected by a formal financial institution.


Investments financed by banks (%)

Estimated proportion of purchases of fixed assets that was financed from bank loans.


Working capital financed by banks (%)

Proportion of the working capital that was financed by bank loans.


Firms identifying access to finance as a major constraint (%)

Percentage of firms identifying access/cost of finance as a "major" or "very severe" obstacle.


Value traded excluding top 10 traded companies to total value traded (%)

Value of all traded shares outside of the top ten largest traded companies as a share of total value of all traded shares in a stock market exchange. WFE provides data on the exchange level. This variable is aggregated up to the country level by taking a simple average over exchanges.


Market capitalization excluding top 10 companies to total market capitalization (%)

Value of listed shares outside of the top ten largest companies to total value of all listed shares.


Nonfinancial corporate bonds to total bonds and notes outstanding (%)

Total amount of domestic nonfinancial corporate bonds and notes outstanding (BIS Table 16B) to total amount of domestic bonds and notes outstanding, both corporate and noncorporate (BIS Table 16A).

Bank for International Settlements (BIS)


Private credit by deposit money banks to GDP (%)

Private credit by deposit money banks and other financial institutions to GDP, calculated using the following deflation method:  {(0.5)*[Ft/P_et + Ft-1/P_et-1]}/[GDPt/P_at] where F is credit to the private sector, P_e is end-of period CPI, and P_a is average annual CPI. Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. Private credit by deposit money banks (IFS line 22d); GDP in local currency (IFS line 99B..ZF or, if not available, line 99B.CZF); end-of period CPI (IFS line 64M..ZF or, if not available, 64Q..ZF); and average annual CPI is calculated using the monthly CPI values (IFS line 64M..ZF).

International Financial Statistics (IFS), International Monetary Fund (IMF)


Deposit money banks'' assets to GDP (%)

Claims on domestic real nonfinancial sector by deposit money banks as a share of GDP, calculated using the following deflation method:  {(0.5)*[Ft/P_et + Ft-1/P_et-1]}/[GDPt/P_at] where F is deposit money bank claims, P_e is end-of period CPI, and P_a is average annual CPI. Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. Deposit money bank assets (IFS lines 22, a-d); GDP in local currency (IFS line 99B..ZF or, if not available, line 99B.CZF); end-of period CPI (IFS line 64M..ZF or, if not available, 64Q..ZF); and average annual CPI is calculated using the monthly CPI values (IFS line 64M..ZF).


Nonbank financial institutions’ assets to GDP (%)

Claims on domestic real nonfinancial sector by other financial institutions as a share of GDP, calculated using the following deflation method: {(0.5)*[Ft/P_et + Ft-1/P_et-1]}/[GDPt/P_at]  where F is other financial institutions' claims, P_e is end-of period CPI, and P_a is average annual CPI. Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. Nonbank financial institutions assets (IFS lines 42, a-d, h, and s); GDP in local currency (IFS line 99B..ZF or, if not available, line 99B.CZF); end-of period CPI (IFS line 64M..ZF or, if not available, 64Q..ZF); and average annual CPI is calculated using the monthly CPI values (IFS line 64M..ZF).


Deposit money bank assets to deposit money bank assets and central bank assets (%)

Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF's International Financial Statistics (IFS lines 12 and 22, a-d).


Liquid liabilities to GDP (%)

Ratio of liquid liabilities to GDP, calculated using the following deflation method: {(0.5)*[Ft/P_et + Ft-1/P_et-1]}/[GDPt/P_at] where F is liquid liabilities, P_e is end-of period CPI, and P_a is average annual CPI. Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF's International Financial Statistics. Liquid liabilities (IFS lines 55L or, if not available, line 35L); GDP in local currency (IFS line 99B..ZF or, if not available, line 99B.CZF); end-of period CPI (IFS line 64M..ZF or, if not available, 64Q..ZF); and average annual CPI is calculated using the monthly CPI values (IFS line 64M..ZF) For Eurocurrency  area countries liquid liabilities are estimated by summing IFS items 34A, 34B and 35.


Central bank assets to GDP (%)

Claims on domestic real nonfinancial sector by the Central Bank as a share of GDP, calculated using the following deflation method:  {(0.5)*[Ft/P_et + Ft-1/P_et-1]}/[GDPt/P_at] where F is Central Bank claims, P_e is end-of period CPI, and P_a is average annual CPI. Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF's International Financial Statistics. Central Bank claims (IFS lines 12, a-d); GDP in local currency (IFS line 99B..ZF or, if not available, line 99B.CZF); end-of period CPI (IFS line 64M..ZF or, if not available, 64Q..ZF); and average annual CPI is calculated using the monthly CPI values (IFS line 64M..ZF).


Mutual fund assets to GDP (%)

Data taken from a variety of sources such as Investment Company Institute and national sources.

World Bank - Non banking financial database


Financial system deposits to GDP (%)

Demand, time and saving deposits in deposit money banks and other financial institutions as a share of GDP, calculated using the following deflation method:  {(0.5)*[Ft/P_et + Ft-1/P_et-1]}/[GDPt/P_at] where F is demand and time and saving deposits, P_e is end-of period CPI, and P_a is average annual CPI. Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. Financial system deposits (IFS lines 24, 25, 44, and 45); GDP in local currency (IFS line 99B..ZF or, if not available, line 99B.CZF); end-of period CPI (IFS line 64M..ZF or, if not available, 64Q..ZF); and average annual CPI is calculated using the monthly CPI values (IFS line 64M..ZF).


Life insurance premium volume to GDP (%)

Premium data is taken from various issues of Sigma reports (Swiss Re). Data on GDP in US dollars is from the electronic version of the World Development Indicators.


Non-life insurance premium volume to GDP (%)


Insurance company assets to GDP (%)

Data taken from a variety of sources such as AXCO and national sources.

Nonbanking financial database, World Bank


Private credit by deposit money banks and other financial institutions to GDP (%)

Private credit by deposit money banks and other financial institutions to GDP, calculated using the following deflation method:  {(0.5)*[Ft/P_et + Ft-1/P_et-1]}/[GDPt/P_at] where F is credit to the private sector, P_e is end-of period CPI, and P_a is average annual CPI. Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. Private credit by deposit money banks and other financial institutions (IFS lines 22d and 42d); GDP in local currency (IFS line 99B..ZF or, if not available, line 99B.CZF); end-of period CPI (IFS line 64M..ZF or, if not available, 64Q..ZF); and average annual CPI is calculated using the monthly CPI values (IFS line 64M..ZF)


Pension fund assets to GDP (%)

Ratio of assets of pension funds to GDP. A pension fund is any plan, fund, or scheme that provides retirement income. Data taken from a variety of sources such as OECD, AIOS, FIAP and national sources.


Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP)

Domestic credit to private sector refers to financial resources provided to the private sector, such as through loans, purchases of nonequity securities, and trade credits and other accounts receivable, that establish a claim for repayment. For some countries these claims include credit to public enterprises.

World Development Indicators (WDI), World Bank


Stock market capitalization to GDP (%)

Value of listed shares to GDP, calculated using the following deflation  method:  {(0.5)*[Ft/P_et + Ft-1/P_et-1]}/[GDPt/P_at] where F is stock market capitalization, P_e is end-of period CPI, and P_a  is average annual CPI. End-of period CPI (IFS line 64M..ZF or, if not available, 64Q..ZF) and average annual CPI is calculated using the monthly CPI values (IFS line 64M..ZF).

Global Stock Markets Factbook and supplemental S&P data, Standard & Poor's


Stock market total value traded to GDP (%)

Total value of all traded shares in a stock market exchange as a percentage of GDP.  Following deflation method is use:  {(0.5)*[Ft/P_et + Ft-1/P_et-1]}/[GDPt/P_at] where F is stock market capitalization, P_e is end-of period CPI, and P_a  is average annual CPI. End-of period CPI (IFS line 64M..ZF or, if not available, 64Q..ZF) and average annual CPI is calculated using the monthly CPI values (IFS line 64M..ZF).


Outstanding domestic private debt securities to GDP (%)

Total amount of domestic private debt securities (amounts outstanding) issued in domestic markets as a share of GDP. It covers data on long-term bonds and notes, commercial paper and other short-term notes. Table 16A (domestic debt amount): all issuers minus governments / GDP. End of year data (i.e. December data) are considered for debt securities.  The figures are deflated using the following methodology: {(0.5)*[Ft/P_et + Ft-1/P_et-1]}/[GDPt/P_at] where F is the level domestic private debt, P_e is end-of period CPI, and P_a is average annual CPI. GDP is from World Development Indicators. End-of period CPI is taken from IFS line 64M..ZF month of December (or if not available Q4). Average annual CPI is constructed from the monthly CPI figure taken from IFS line 64..ZF.


Outstanding domestic public debt securities to GDP (%)

Total amount of domestic public debt securities (amounts outstanding) issued in domestic markets as a share of GDP. It covers long-term bonds and notes, treasury bills, commercial paper and other short-term notes. Table 16A (domestic debt amount): governments / GDP. End of year data (i.e. December data) are considered for debt securities. The figures are deflated using the following methodology: {(0.5)*[Ft/P_et + Ft-1/P_et-1]}/[GDPt/P_at] where F is the level domestic public debt, P_e is end-of period CPI, and P_a is average annual CPI. GDP is from World Development Indicators. End-of period CPI is taken from IFS line 64M..ZF month of December (or if not available Q4). Average annual CPI is constructed from the monthly CPI figure taken from IFS line 64..ZF.


Outstanding international private debt securities to GDP (%)

Amount of private international debt securities (amounts outstanding), as a share of GDP. It covers long-term bonds and notes and money market instruments placed on international markets. (Table 12A  (international debt amount: all issuers) - Table 12D (international debt amount: governments)) / GDP. End of year data (i.e. December data) are considered for debt securities. The figures are deflated using the following methodology: {(0.5)*[Ft/P_et + Ft-1/P_et-1]}/[GDPt/P_at] where F is the level intenational private debt, P_e is end-of period CPI, and P_a is average annual CPI. GDP is from World Development Indicators.End-of period CPI is taken from IFS line 64M..ZF month of December (or if not available Q4). Average annual CPI is constructed from the monthly CPI figure taken from IFS line 64..ZF.


Outstanding international public debt securities to GDP (%)

Amount of public international debt securities (amounts outstanding), as a share of GDP. It covers long-term bonds and notes and money market instruments placed on international markets. Table 12D (international debt amount): governments / GDP. End of year data (i.e. December data) are considered for debt securities. The figures are deflated using the following methodology: {(0.5)*[Ft/P_et + Ft-1/P_et-1]}/[GDPt/P_at] where F is the level international public debt, P_e is end-of period CPI, and P_a is average annual CPI. GDP is from World Development Indicators. End-of period CPI is taken from IFS line 64M..ZF month of December (or if not available Q4). Average annual CPI is constructed from the monthly CPI figure taken from IFS line 64..ZF.


International debt issues to GDP (%)

Total value of outstanding international debt issues both public and private, as a share of GDP. Offshore bank loan data from BIS Statistical Appendix Table 12A (Amount Outstanding): International debt securities - all issuers.


Gross portfolio equity liabilities to GDP (%)

Ratio of gross portfolio equity liabilities to GDP. Equity liabilities include shares, stocks, participation, and similar documents (such as American depository receipts) that usually denote ownership of equity. Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF's International Financial Statistics. IFS line 79LDDZF/ GDP. Local currency GDP is from IFS (line 99B..ZF or, if not available, line 99B.CZF).


Gross portfolio equity assets to GDP (%)

Ratio of gross portfolio equity assets to GDP. Equity assets include shares, stocks, participation, and similar documents (such as American depository receipts) that usually denote ownership of equity. Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF's International Financial Statistics. IFS line 79ADDZF / GDP. Local currency GDP is from IFS (line 99B..ZF or, if not available, line 99B.CZF).


Gross portfolio debt liabilities to GDP (%)

Ratio of gross portfolio debt liabilities to GDP. Debt liabilities cover (1) bonds, debentures, notes, etc., and (2) money market or negotiable debt instruments. Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF's International Financial Statistics. IFS line 79LEDZF / GDP. Local currency GDP is from IFS (line 99B..ZF or, if not available, line 99B.CZF).


Syndicated loan issuance volume to GDP (%)


Corporate bond issuance volume to GDP (%)


Syndicated loan average maturity (years)


Credit flows by fintech and bigtech companies to GDP (%)


Bank net interest margin (%)

Raw data are from Bankscope. Data2080[t] / ((data2010[t] + data2010[t-1])/2). Numerator and denominator are aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.


Bank lending-deposit spread

Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. Difference between lending rate and deposit rate. Lending rate is the rate charged by banks on loans to the private sector and deposit interest rate is the rate offered by commercial banks on three-month deposits. IFS line 60P - line 60L.


Bank noninterest income to total income (%)

Raw data are from Bankscope. Data2085 / (data2080 + data2085). Number is only calculated when net-interest income is not negative. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.


Bank overhead costs to total assets (%)

Raw data are from Bankscope. Data2090[t] / ((data2025[t] + data2025[t-1])/2). Numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.


Bank return on assets (%, after tax)

Raw data are from Bankscope. Data2115[t] / ((data2025[t] + data2025[t-1])/2). Numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.


Bank return on equity (%, after tax)

Raw data are from Bankscope.  Data2115[t] / ((data2055[t] + data2055[t-1])/2). Numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.


Bank cost to income ratio (%)

Raw data are from Bankscope.  Data2090 / (data2080 + data2085). All Numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.


Credit to government and state-owned enterprises to GDP (%)

Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. (IFS line 22A + line 22B + line 22C) / GDP. Local currency GDP is from IFS (line 99B..ZF or, if not available, line 99B.CZF).


Bank return on assets (%, before tax)

Raw data are from Bankscope. Data10270[t] / ((data2025[t] + data2025[t-1])/2). Numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.


Bank return on equity (%, before tax)

Raw data are from Bankscope.  Data10270[t] / ((data2055[t] + data2055[t-1])/2). Numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.


Stock market turnover ratio (%)

Ratio of the value of total shares traded to average real market capitalization, the denominator is deflated using the following method:  Tt/P_at/{(0.5)*[Mt/P_et + Mt-1/P_et-1] where T is total value traded, M is stock market capitalization, P_e is end-of period CPI. (IFS line 64M..ZF or, if not available, 64Q..ZF) and annual CPI (IFS line 64..ZF) are from the IMF’s International Financial Statistics.


Bank concentration (%)

Raw data are from Bankscope. (Sum(data2025) for three largest banks in Bankscope) / (Sum(data2025) for all banks in Bankscope). Only reported if number of banks in Bankscope is 3 or more. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.


Bank deposits to GDP (%)

Demand, time and saving deposits in deposit money banks as a share of GDP, calculated using the following deflation method: {(0.5)*[Ft/P_et + Ft-1/P_et-1]}/[GDPt/P_at] where F is demand and time and saving deposits, P_e is end-of period CPI, and P_a is average annual CPI. Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. Bank deposits (IFS lines 24 and 25); GDP in local currency (IFS line 99B..ZF or, if not available, line 99B.CZF); end-of period CPI (IFS line 64M..ZF or, if not available, 64Q..ZF); and average annual CPI is calculated using the monthly CPI values (IFS line 64M..ZF).


5-bank asset concentration

Raw data are from Bankscope. (Sum(data2025) for five largest banks in Bankscope) / (Sum(data2025) for all banks in Bankscope). Only reported if number of banks in Bankscope is 5 or more. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.


Liquid liabilities in millions USD (2000 constant)

Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF's International Financial Statistics. Liquid liabilities (IFS lines 55L..ZF or, if not available, line 35L..ZF); for Eurocurrency area countries (BEF, DEM, ESP, FRF, GRD, IEP, ITL, LUF, NLG, ATS, PTE, FIM), liquid liabilities are estimated by summing IFS items 34A, 34B and 35.


Loans from nonresident banks (net) to GDP (%)

Ratio of net offshore bank loans to GDP. An offshore bank is a bank located outside the country of residence of the depositor, typically in a low tax jurisdiction (or tax haven) that provides financial and legal advantages. Offshore bank loan data from BIS Statistical Appendix Table 12A (Net Issues): International debt securities - all issuers.


Loans from nonresident banks (amounts outstanding) to GDP (%)

Ratio of outstanding offshore bank loans to GDP. An offshore bank is a bank located outside the country of residence of the depositor, typically in a low tax jurisdiction (or tax haven) that provides financial and legal advantages. Offshore bank loan data from BIS Statistical Appendix Table 7A: External loans and deposits of reporting banks vis-à-vis all sectors.


External loans and deposits of reporting banks vis-à-vis the banking sector (% of domestic bank deposits)

Data is from BIS Statistical Appendix Table 7A minus 7B: External loans and deposits of reporting banks vis-à-vis all sectors minus external loans and deposits of reporting banks vis-à-vis nonbanking sectors; bank deposits from IFS (IFS lines 24 and 25). End of year data (i.e. December data) are used.


External loans and deposits of reporting banks vis-à-vis the nonbanking sectors (% of domestic bank deposits)

Data is from BIS Statistical Appendix Table 7B: External loans and deposits of reporting banks vis-à-vis nonbanking sectors; bank deposits from IFS (IFS lines 24 and 25). End of year data (i.e. December data) are used.


External loans and deposits of reporting banks vis-à-vis all sectors (% of domestic bank deposits)

Data is from BIS Statistical Appendix Table 7A: External loans and deposits of reporting banks vis-à-vis all sectors; bank deposits from IFS (IFS lines 24 and 25). End of year data (i.e. December data) are used.


Remittance inflows to GDP (%)

Workers' remittances and compensation of employees comprise current transfers by migrant workers and wages and salaries earned by nonresident workers. Data are the sum of three items defined in the fifth edition of the IMF's Balance of Payments Manual: workers' remittances, compensation of employees, and migrants' transfers. Remittances are classified as current private transfers from migrant workers resident in the host country for more than a year, irrespective of their immigration status, to recipients in their country of origin. Migrants' transfers are defined as the net worth of migrants who are expected to remain in the host country for more than one year that is transferred from one country to another at the time of migration. Compensation of employees is the income of migrants who have lived in the host country for less than a year.


Consolidated foreign claims of BIS reporting banks to GDP (%)

The ratio of consolidated foreign claims to GDP of the banks that are reporting to BIS. Foreign claims are defined as the sum of cross-border claims plus foreign offices’ local claims in all currencies. In the consolidated banking statistics claims that are granted or extended to nonresidents are referred to as either cross-border claims.  In the context of the consolidated banking statistics, local claims refer to claims of domestic banks’ foreign affiliates (branches/subsidiaries) on the residents of the host country (i.e. country of residence of affiliates). Items (A+L from BIS Table 9A). End-of-year data (i.e. December data) are considered for banks claims. GDP is from World Development Indicators.

Consolidated banking statistics, Bank for International Settlements (BIS)


Foreign banks among total banks (%)

Percentage of the number of foreign owned banks to the number of the total banks in an Economy. A foreign bank is a bank where 50 percent or more of its shares are owned by foreigners.

Stijn Claessens and Neeltje van Horen, 2012. "Foreign Banks: Trends, Impact and Financial Stability" IMF Working Paper, WP/12/10


Foreign bank assets among total bank assets (%)

Percentage of the total banking assets that are held by foreign banks. A foreign bank is a bank where 50 percent or more of its shares are owned by foreigners.


Foreign bank assets among total banks assets (%)


Total factoring volume to GDP (%)

GDP data provided by IFS and converted into USD using IFS exchange rates.


Banking crisis dummy (1=banking crisis, 0=none)

A banking crisis is defined as systemic if two conditions are met: a. Significant signs of financial distress in the banking system (as indicated bysignificant bank runs, losses in the banking system, and/or bank liquidations), b. Significant banking policy intervention measures in response to significant losses in the banking system. The first year that both criteria are met is considered as the year when the crisis start becoming systemic.  The end of a crisis is defined the year before both real GDP growth and real credit growth are positive for at least two consecutive years.

Luc Laeven and Fabián Valencia, 2012. “Systemic Banking Crises Database: An Update”, IMF Working Paper WP/12/163


Government bank assets among total bank assets (%)


Number of listed companies per 1,000,000 people

Number of publicly listed companies per 1,000,000 people. Number of listed domestic companies is the domestically incorporated companies listed on the country's stock exchanges at the end of the year. This indicator does not include investment companies, mutual funds, or other collective investment vehicles.


Stock market return (%, year-on-year)

Stock market return is the growth rate of annual average stock market index. Annual average stock market index is constructed by taking the average of the daily stock market indexes available at Bloomberg.


Bank Z-score

It captures the probability of default of a country's banking system. Z-score compares the buffer of a country's banking system (capitalization and returns) with the volatility of those returns. It is estimated as (ROA+(equity/assets))/sd(ROA); sd(ROA) is the standard deviation of ROA. ROA, equity, and assets are country-level aggregate figures Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.


Bank non-performing loans to gross loans (%)

Reported by IMF staff. Note that due to differences in national accounting, taxation, and supervisory regimes, these data are not strictly comparable across countries.

Financial Soundness Indicators Database (fsi.imf.org), International Monetary Fund (IMF)


Bank capital to total assets (%)

Ratio of bank capital and reserves to total assets. Capital and reserves include funds contributed by owners, retained earnings, general and special reserves, provisions, and valuation adjustments. Capital includes tier 1 capital (paid-up shares and common stock), which is a common feature in all countries' banking systems, and total regulatory capital, which includes several specified types of subordinated debt instruments that need not be repaid if the funds are required to maintain minimum capital levels (these comprise tier 2 and tier 3 capital). Total assets include all nonfinancial and financial assets. Reported by IMF staff. Note that due to differences in national accounting, taxation, and supervisory regimes, these data are not strictly comparable across countries.


Bank credit to bank deposits (%)

Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. Private credit by deposit money banks (IFS line 22d); bank deposits (IFS lines 24 and 25).


Bank regulatory capital to risk-weighted assets (%)


Liquid assets to deposits and short term funding (%)

Raw data are from Bankscope.  Data2075 / data2030. Numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.


Provisions to nonperforming loans (%)

Provisions to nonperforming loans. Nonperforming Loans are loans for which the contractual payments are delinquent, usually defined as and NPL ratio  being overdue for more than a certain number of days (e.g., usually more than 90 days). Reported by IMF staff. Note that due to differences in national accounting, taxation, and supervisory regimes, these data are not strictly comparable across countries.


Stock price volatility

Stock price volatility is the average of the 360-day volatility of the national stock market index.


Disclosure index (0-5)

Disclosure index denotes the sum of a variety of existing disclosure requirements. These are (i) Law specifies disclosure requirements in plain language, (ii) Law specifies disclosure requirements in local language, (iii) Law specifies requirement for prescribed standardized disclosure format, (iv) Law specifies requirement for recourse rights and processes, and (v) Law specifies disclosure requirement of annual percentage rate using standard formula for credit products.


Dispute resolution index (0-1)

Index reflecting the existence of formal internal and external dispute resolution mechanisms takes the value 1 if both resolution mechanisms are available, the value 0.5 if one of the mechanisms is available, and 0 if neither of the mechanisms is available.


Getting credit: Distance to frontier (0-100)

Getting credit: Distance to the frontier denotes the distance of each economy to the “frontier,” which represents the highest performance observed on the  getting credit indicator across all economies included in Doing Business. An economy’s distance to frontier is indicated on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the lowest performance and 100 the frontier.


Interoperability of ATM networks and interoperability of POS terminals (0-1)


Retail cashless transactions per 1,000 adults


Agents of payment service providers per 100,000 adults


Gender impact analysis of budget policy proposals


(i) Gender impact analysis of expenditure policy proposals


Gender impact analysis of revenue policy proposals


Gender responsive public investment management


(i) Gender responsive public investment management


Gender responsive budget proposal documentation


(i) Gender responsive budget proposal documentation


(i) Sex-disaggregated performance plans for service delivery


(ii) Sex-disaggregated performance achieved for service delivery


Tracking budget expenditure for gender equality


(i) Tracking budget expenditure for gender equality


Evaluation of gender impacts of service delivery


(i) Evaluation of gender impacts of service delivery


Legislative scrutiny of gender impacts of the budget


(i) Gender responsive legislative scrutiny of budgets


(ii) Gender responsive legislative scrutiny of audit reports


Value-added from Capital in GTAP10P3COD

Gender Disaggregated Labor Database (GDLD)


Value-added from labor in GTAP10P3COD (in USD 2014 million)


Government Deficit (-) or Surplus (local)


Control of Corruption (estimate)

Control of corruption measures the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, including petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as “capture” of the state by elites and private interests.  Further documentation and research using the World Governance Indicators (WGI) is available at www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance.


Control of Corruption (number of surveys/polls)

See definition GV.CONT.CO.ES.  This is the number of surveys/polls used to derive the GV.CONT.CO.ES.


Control of Corruption (standard error)

See definition GV.CONT.CO.ES.  Inherent to all Governance Indicators is a margin of error, which might vary from country to country, normally attributable to two factors: (i) cross-country differences in the number of sources in which a country appears, and (ii) differences in the precision of the sources in which each country appears.


Government Effectiveness (estimate)

Government effectiveness measures the quality of public services, the quality and degree of independence from political pressures of the civil service, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government’s commitment to such policies. Further documentation and research using the World Governance Indicators (WGI) is available at www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance.


Government Effectiveness (number of surveys/polls)

See definition GV.GOVT.EF.ES.  This is the number of surveys/polls used to derive the GV.GOVT.EF.ES.


Government Effectiveness (standard error)

See definition GV.GOVT.EF.ES. Inherent to all Governance Indicators is a margin of error, which might vary from country to country, normally attributable to two factors: (i) cross-country differences in the number of sources in which a country appears, and (ii) differences in the precision of the sources in which each country appears.


Political Stability/No Violence (estimate)

Political stability and absence of violence measures the perceptions of the likelihood that the government will be destabilized or overthrown by unconstitutional or violent means, including domestic violence or terrorism.  Further documentation and research using the World Governance Indicators (WGI) is available at www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance.


Political Stability/No Violence (number of surveys/polls)

See definition GV.POL.ST.ES.  This is the number of surveys/polls used to derive the GV.POL.ST.ES.


Political Stability/No Violence (standard error)

See definition GV.POLI.ST.SD.  Inherent to all Governance Indicators is a margin of error, which might vary from country to country, normally attributable to two factors: (i) cross-country differences in the number of sources in which a country appears, and (ii) differences in the precision of the sources in which each country appears.


Regulatory Quality (estimate)

Regulatory quality measures the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development.  Further documentation and research using the World Governance Indicators (WGI) is available at www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance.


Regulatory Quality (number of surveys/polls)

See definition GV.REGL.LA.ES.  This is the number of surveys/polls used to derive the GV.REGL.LA.ES.


Regulatory Quality (standard error)

See definition GV.REGL.LA.ES.  Inherent to all Governance Indicators is a margin of error, which might vary from country to country, normally attributable to two factors: (i) cross-country differences in the number of sources in which a country appears, and (ii) differences in the precision of the sources in which each country appears.


Rule of Law (estimate)

Rule of law measures the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, in particular the quality of contract enforcement, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence.  Further documentation and research using the World Governance Indicators (WGI) is available at www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance.


Rule of Law (number off surveys/polls)

See definition GV.RULE.LW.ES.  This is the number of surveys/polls used to derive the GV.RULE.LW.ES.


Rule of Law (standard error)

See definition GV.RULE.LW.ES.   Inherent to all Governance Indicators is a margin of error, which might vary from country to country, normally attributable to two factors: (i) cross-country differences in the number of sources in which a country appears, and (ii) differences in the precision of the sources in which each country appears.


Corruption Perceptions Index (rank)

This is the ranking from the annual Transparency International corruption perceptions index, which ranks more than 150 countries in terms of perceived levels of corruption, as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys.  For more information on this indicator, please visit http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi the Transparency International page on the topic.


Corruption Perceptions Index (score)

This information is from the http://www.transparency.org Transparency International web site.  More information may be available there.  CPI Score relates to perceptions of the degree of corruption as seen by business people and country analysts, and ranges between 0 (highly corrupt) and 10 (highly clean).  Data for 2012 Corruption Perceptions Index scores countries on a scale from 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean).  Confidence range provides a range of possible values of the CPI score. This reflects how a country's score may vary, depending on measurement precision. Nominally, with 5 percent probability the score is above this range and with another 5 percent it is below.


Voice and Accountability (estimate)

Voice and accountability measures the extent to which a country’s citizens are able to participate in selecting their government and to enjoy freedom of expression, freedom of association, and a free media.  Further documentation and research using the World Governance Indicators (WGI) is available at www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance.


Voice and Accountability (number of surveys/polls)

See definition GV.VOIC.AC.ES.  This is the number of surveys/polls used to derive the GV.VOIC.AC.ES.


Voice and Accountability (standard error)

See definition GV.VOIC.AC.ES.  Inherent to all Governance Indicators is a margin of error, which might vary from country to country, normally attributable to two factors: (i) cross-country differences in the number of sources in which a country appears, and (ii) differences in the precision of the sources in which each country appears.


Access to a mobile phone, female (% age 15+)


Access to a mobile phone, male (% age 15+)


Access to a mobile phone, income, poorest 40% (% age 15+)


Access to a mobile phone, income, richest 60% (% age 15+)


Access to internet, income, poorest 40% (% age 15+)


Access to internet, income, richest 60% (% age 15+)


Survival Rate from Age 15-60

Adult survival rate is calculated by subtracting the mortality rate for 15-60 year-olds from 1. Most recent estimates are used.  Year of most recent estimate shown in data notes.

United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects: 2019 Revision, supplemented with data provided by World Bank Staff.


Expected Years of School

Expected years of school is calculated as the sum of age-specific enrollment rates between ages 4 and 17. Age-specific enrollment rates are approximated using school enrollment rates at different levels: pre-primary enrollment rates approximate the age-specific enrolment rates for 4 and 5 year-olds; the primary rate approximates for 6-11 year-olds; the lower-secondary rate approximates for 12-14 year-olds; and the upper-secondary approximates for 15-17 year-olds. Most recent estimates are used.  Year of most recent primary enrollment rate used is shown  in data notes.

World Bank staff estimates based on data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics, supplemented with data provided by World Bank staff.


Harmonized Test Scores

Harmonized test scores from major international student achievement testing programs.They are measured in TIMSS-equivalent units, where 300 is minimal attainment and 625 is advanced attainment. Most recent estimates are used.  Year of most recent estimate shown in data notes.

Test scores from the following testing programs are included:
• TIMSS/PIRLS:  Refers to average of test scores from TIMSS (Trends in International Maths and Science Study) and PIRLS (Progress in International Reading Literacy Study), both carried out by the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement. Data from each PIRLS round is moved to the year of the nearest TIMSS round and averaged with the TIMSS data.
• PISA:  Refers to test scores from Programme for International Student Assessment
• PISA+TIMSS/PIRLS:  Refers to the average of these programs for countries and years where both are available
• SACMEQ:  Refers to test scores from Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality
• PASEC: Refers to test scores from Program of Analysis of Education Systems
• LLECE:  Refers to test scores from Latin American Laboratory for Assessment of the Quality of Education
• PILNA: Refers to test scores from Pacific Islands Literacy and Numeracy Assessment
• EGRA:  Refers to test scores from nationally-representative Early Grade Reading Assessments
• EGRANR:  Refers to test scores from non-nationally-representative Early Grade Reading Assessments

Patrinos and Angrist (2018).  http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/390321538076747773/Global-Dataset-on-Education-Quality-A-Review-and-Update-2000-2017


Learning-Adjusted Years of School

Learning-adjusted years of school are calculated by multiplying the estimates of expected years of school by the ratio of most recent harmonized test scores to 625.

World Bank staff calculation based on methodology in Filmer et al. (2018).  http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/243261538075151093/Learning-Adjusted-Years-of-Schooling-LAYS-Defining-A-New-Macro-Measure-of-Education


Learning-Adjusted Years of School, Female


Probability of Survival to Age 5

Probability of survival to age 5 is calculated by subtracting the under-5 mortality rate from 1. Most recent estimates are used.  Year of most recent estimate shown in data notes.

United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME), supplemented with data provided by World Bank staff.


Probability of Survival to Age 5, Female


Human Capital Index (HCI) (scale 0-1)

The HCI calculates the contributions of health and education to worker productivity. The final index score ranges from zero to one and measures the productivity as a future worker of child born today relative to the benchmark of full health and complete education.

World Bank staff calculations based on the methodology described in World Bank (2018). https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/30498.


Human Capital Index (HCI), Female (scale 0-1)


Human Capital Index (HCI), Lower Bound (scale 0-1)

The HCI lower bound reflects uncertainty in the measurement of  the components and the overall index. It is obtained by recalculating the HCI using estimates of the upper bounds of each of the components of the HCI.  The range between the upper and lower bound is the uncertainty interval.  While the uncertainty intervals constructed here do not have a rigorous statistical interpretation, a rule of thumb is that if for two countries they overlap substantially, the differences between their HCI values are not likely to be practically meaningful.

World Bank staff calculations based on the methodology described in Kraay (2018).  http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/300071537907028892/Methodology-for-a-World-Bank-Human-Capital-Index


Human Capital Index (HCI), Female, Lower Bound (scale 0-1)


Human Capital Index (HCI), Male, Lower Bound (scale 0-1)


Human Capital Index (HCI), Male (scale 0-1)


Human Capital Index (HCI), Upper Bound (scale 0-1)

The HCI upper bound reflects uncertainty in the measurement of  the components and the overall index. It is obtained by recalculating the HCI using estimates of the upper bounds of each of the components of the HCI.  The range between the upper and lower bound is the uncertainty interval.  While the uncertainty intervals constructed here do not have a rigorous statistical interpretation, a rule of thumb is that if for two countries they overlap substantially, the differences between their HCI values are not likely to be practically meaningful.


Human Capital Index (HCI), Female, Upper Bound (scale 0-1)


Human Capital Index (HCI), Male, Upper Bound (scale 0-1)


Fraction of Children Under 5 Not Stunted

Percentage not stunted is calculated by subtracting stunting rates from 1. Most recent estimates are used.  Year of most recent estimate shown in data notes.

UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Joint Malnutrition Estimates, supplemented with data provided by World Bank staff.


Fraction of Children Under 5 Not Stunted, Female


Fraction of Children Under 5 Not Stunted, Male


Condom use in last intercourse (% of females at risk population)

Percentage of women age 18-49 who had more than one sexual partner in the last 12 months and used a condom during last intercourse

Health Equity and Financial Protection Indicators (HEFPI) database, World Bank


Condom use in last intercourse (% of females at risk population): Q1 (lowest)


Condom use in last intercourse (% of females at risk population): Q2


Condom use in last intercourse (% of females at risk population): Q3


Condom use in last intercourse (% of females at risk population): Q4


Condom use in last intercourse (% of females at risk population): Q5 (highest)


Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49)

Percentage of population age 15-49 who had blood tests that are positive for HIV1 or HIV2


Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49): Q1 (lowest)


Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49): Q2


Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49): Q3


Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49): Q4


Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49): Q5 (highest)


Contraceptive prevalence, modern methods (% of females ages 15-49)

Percentage of women age 15-49 who are married or live in union and currently use a modern method of contraception. Modern methods are defined as female sterilization, male sterilization, the contraceptive pill, intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD), injectables, implants, female condom, male condom, diaphragm, contraceptive foam and contraceptive jelly, lactational amenorrhea method (LAM), emergency contraception, country-specific modern methods and other modern contraceptive methods respondent mentioned.


Contraceptive prevalence, modern methods (% of females ages 15-49): Q1 (lowest)


Contraceptive prevalence, modern methods (% of females ages 15-49): Q2


Contraceptive prevalence, modern methods (% of females ages 15-49): Q3


Contraceptive prevalence, modern methods (% of females ages 15-49): Q4


Contraceptive prevalence, modern methods (% of females ages 15-49): Q5 (highest)


Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births)

Deaths of children before their 1st birthday per 1,000 live births. Sample: children born up to 5 years before the survey for full population mortality estimates, and up to 10 years before the survey for wealth quintile specific mortality estimates


Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births): Q1 (lowest)


Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births): Q2


Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births): Q3


Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births): Q4


Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births): Q5 (highest)


Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000)

Deaths of children before their 5th birthday per 1,000 live births. Sample: children born up to 5 years before the survey for full population mortality estimates, and up to 10 years before the survey for wealth quintile specific mortality estimates


Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000): Q1 (lowest)


Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000): Q5 (highest)


Pap smear in last 5 years (% of females 30-49)

Percentage of women who received a pap smear in the last 5 years (preferably age 30-49 but age groups may vary)


Pap smear in last 5 years (% of females 30-49): Q1 (lowest)


Pap smear in last 5 years (% of females 30-49): Q2


Pap smear in last 5 years (% of females 30-49): Q3


Pap smear in last 5 years (% of females 30-49): Q4


Pap smear in last 5 years (% of females 30-49): Q5 (highest)


Immunization, full (% of children ages 15-23 months)

Percentage of children age 15-23 months who received Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), measles/Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR), 3 doses of polio (excluding polio given at birth) and 3 doses of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT)/Pentavalent vaccinations, either verified by vaccination card or by recall of respondent


Immunization, full (% of children ages 15-23 months): Q1 (lowest)


Immunization, full (% of children ages 15-23 months): Q2


Immunization, full (% of children ages 15-23 months): Q3


Immunization, full (% of children ages 15-23 months): Q4


Immunization, full (% of children ages 15-23 months): Q5 (highest)


Immunization, measles (% of children ages 15-23 months)

Percentage of children age 15-23 months who received measles or MMR vaccination, either verified by vaccination card or by recall of respondent


Immunization, measles (% of children ages 15-23 months): Q1 (lowest)


Immunization, measles (% of children ages 15-23 months): Q2


Immunization, measles (% of children ages 15-23 months): Q3


Immunization, measles (% of children ages 15-23 months): Q4


Immunization, measles (% of children ages 15-23 months): Q5 (highest)


Use of insecticide-treated bed nets (% of under-5 population)

Percentage of children under 5 who slept under an insecticide treated bed net (ITN) the night before the survey. A bed net is considered treated if it a) is a long-lasting treated net, b) a pre-treated net that was purchased or soaked in insecticides less than 12 months ago, or c) a non-pre-treated net which was soaked in insecticides less than 12 months ago. MICS 2 data points (MICS surveys pre-2002) consider bed nets treated if they were ever treated.)


Use of insecticide-treated bed nets (% of under-5 population): Q1 (lowest)


Use of insecticide-treated bed nets (% of under-5 population): Q2


Use of insecticide-treated bed nets (% of under-5 population): Q3


Use of insecticide-treated bed nets (% of under-5 population): Q4


Use of insecticide-treated bed nets (% of under-5 population): Q5 (highest)


Pregnant women receiving prenatal care of at least four visits (% of pregnant women)

Percentage of most recent births in last two years with at least 4 antenatal care visits (women age 18-49 at the time of the survey


Pregnant women receiving prenatal care of at least four visits (% of pregnant women): Q1 (lowest)


Pregnant women receiving prenatal care of at least four visits (% of pregnant women): Q2


Pregnant women receiving prenatal care of at least four visits (% of pregnant women): Q3


Pregnant women receiving prenatal care of at least four visits (% of pregnant women): Q4


Pregnant women receiving prenatal care of at least four visits (% of pregnant women): Q5 (highest)


Acute respiratory infections treated (% of children under 5 with cough and rapid breathing)

Percentage of children under 5 with cough and rapid breathing in the two weeks preceding the survey (DHS, WHS) who had a consultation with a formal healthcare provider (excluding pharmacies and visits to “other” healthcare providers). MICS data points use sample of children under 5 with cough and rapid breathing in the 2 weeks preceding the survey which originated from the chest. The definition of formal healthcare providers varies by country and data source.


Acute respiratory infections treated (% of children under 5 with cough and rapid breathing): Q1 (lowest)


Acute respiratory infections treated (% of children under 5 with cough and rapid breathing): Q2


Acute respiratory infections treated (% of children under 5 with cough and rapid breathing): Q3


Acute respiratory infections treated (% of children under 5 with cough and rapid breathing): Q4


Acute respiratory infections treated (% of children under 5 with cough and rapid breathing): Q5 (highest)


Blood sugar measured in last 5 years (% of population at risk of diabetes)

Percentage of population aged 40-69 at increased risk of diabetes (overweight, obese) having their blood sugar measured in the last 5 years


Blood sugar measured in last 5 years (% of population at risk of diabetes): Q1 (lowest)


Blood sugar measured in last 5 years (% of population at risk of diabetes): Q2


Blood sugar measured in last 5 years (% of population at risk of diabetes): Q3


Blood sugar measured in last 5 years (% of population at risk of diabetes): Q4


Blood sugar measured in last 5 years (% of population at risk of diabetes): Q5 (highest)


Mean BMI, female (ages 15-49): Q1 (lowest)


Mean BMI, female (ages 15-49): Q5 (highest)


Mean BMI, female (age 18+): Q5 (highest)


Mean BMI, adults (age 18+): Q5 (highest)


Blood pressure measured in last 12 months (% of population age 18+)

Percentage of population over 18 having their blood pressure measured by health professional in the last year


Blood pressure measured in last 12 months (% of population age 18+): Q1 (lowest)


Blood pressure measured in last 12 months (% of population age 18+): Q2


Blood pressure measured in last 12 months (% of population age 18+): Q3


Blood pressure measured in last 12 months (% of population age 18+): Q4


Blood pressure measured in last 12 months (% of population age 18+): Q5 (highest)


Mean diastolic blood pressure, adult population (mmHg)


Mean diastolic blood pressure, adult population (mmHg): Q1 (lowest)


Mean diastolic blood pressure, adult population (mmHg): Q2


Mean diastolic blood pressure, adult population (mmHg): Q3


Mean diastolic blood pressure, adult population (mmHg): Q4


Mean diastolic blood pressure, adult population (mmHg): Q5 (highest)


High blood pressure or being treated for high blood pressure (% of adult population)

Percentage of adult population with high blood pressure or on treatment for high blood pressure (age-range may vary)


High blood pressure or being treated for high blood pressure (% of adult population): Q1 (lowest)


High blood pressure or being treated for high blood pressure (% of adult population): Q2


High blood pressure or being treated for high blood pressure (% of adult population): Q3


High blood pressure or being treated for high blood pressure (% of adult population): Q4


High blood pressure or being treated for high blood pressure (% of adult population): Q5 (highest)


Mean systolic blood pressure, adult population (mmHg)


Mean systolic blood pressure, adult population (mmHg): Q1 (lowest)


Mean systolic blood pressure, adult population (mmHg): Q2


Mean systolic blood pressure, adult population (mmHg): Q3


Mean systolic blood pressure, adult population (mmHg): Q4


Mean systolic blood pressure, adult population (mmHg): Q5 (highest)


Treated for high blood pressure (% of adult population)

Percentage of adult population being treated for high blood pressure (age-range may vary)


Treated for high blood pressure (% of adult population): Q1 (lowest)


Treated for high blood pressure (% of adult population): Q2


Treated for high blood pressure (% of adult population): Q3


Treated for high blood pressure (% of adult population): Q4


Treated for high blood pressure (% of adult population): Q5 (highest)


Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total)

Percentage of most recent births in last 2 years attended by any skilled health personnel (women age 18-49 at the time of the survey). Definition of skilled varies by country and survey but always includes doctor, nurse, midwife and auxiliary midwife).


Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total): Q1 (lowest)


Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total): Q2


Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total): Q3


Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total): Q4


Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total): Q5 (highest)


Mean cholesterol, adult population (mmol/L)


High cholesterol or on treatment for high cholesterol (% of adult population)

Percentage of adult population with high cholesterol or on treatment for high cholesterol (age-range may vary)


Cholesterol measured in last five years (% of population at risk of high cholesterol)

Percentage of adult population at risk (overweight or obese and older than 20, male and older than 34) having their cholesterol levels measured in the last 5 years


Cholesterol measured in last five years (% of population at risk of high cholesterol): Q1 (lowest)


Cholesterol measured in last five years (% of population at risk of high cholesterol): Q2


Cholesterol measured in last five years (% of population at risk of high cholesterol): Q3


Cholesterol measured in last five years (% of population at risk of high cholesterol): Q4


Cholesterol measured in last five years (% of population at risk of high cholesterol): Q5 (highest)


Treated for raised blood glucose or diabetes (% of adult population)

Percentage of adult population being treated for raised blood glucose or diabetes (age-range may vary)


Treated for raised blood glucose or diabetes (% of adult population): Q1 (lowest)


Treated for raised blood glucose or diabetes (% of adult population): Q2


Treated for raised blood glucose or diabetes (% of adult population): Q3


Treated for raised blood glucose or diabetes (% of adult population): Q4


Treated for raised blood glucose or diabetes (% of adult population): Q5 (highest)


Mean fasting blood glucose, adult population (mmol/L)


Impaired fasting glycaemia (% of adult population)

Percentage of adult population with impaired fasting glycaemia (age-range may vary)


Mean height in meters, female, (age 15-49)


Mean height in meters, female, (age 15-49): Q1 (lowest)


Mean height in meters, female, (age 15-49): Q2


Mean height in meters, female, (age 15-49): Q3


Mean height in meters, female, (age 15-49): Q4


Mean height in meters, female, (age 15-49): Q5 (highest)


Mean height in meters, female (age 18+): Q1 (lowest)


Mean height in meters, female (age 18+): Q2


Mean height in meters, female (age 18+): Q3


Mean height in meters, female (age 18+): Q4


Mean height in meters, female (age 18+): Q5 (highest)


Mean height in meters, male (age 18+): Q1 (lowest)


Mean height in meters, male (age 18+): Q2


Mean height in meters, male (age 18+): Q3


Mean height in meters, male (age 18+): Q4


Mean height in meters, male (age 18+): Q5 (highest)


Mean height in meters, adults (age 18+): Q1 (lowest)


Mean height in meters, adults (age 18+): Q2


Mean height in meters, adults (age 18+): Q3


Mean height in meters, adults (age 18+): Q4


Mean height in meters, adults (age 18+): Q5 (highest)


Inpatient care use in last 12 months (% of population 18+)

Percentage of population age 18 and older using inpatient care in the last 12 months


Inpatient care use in last 12 months (% of population 18+): Q1 (lowest)


Inpatient care use in last 12 months (% of population 18+): Q2


Inpatient care use in last 12 months (% of population 18+): Q3


Inpatient care use in last 12 months (% of population 18+): Q4


Inpatient care use in last 12 months (% of population 18+): Q5 (highest)


Prevalence of underweight, weight for age (% of children under 5)

Percentage of children under 5 with a Weight-for-Age z-score <-2 standard deviations from the reference median (z-score calculated using WHO 2006 Child Growth Standards)


Prevalence of underweight, weight for age (% of children under 5): Q1 (lowest)


Prevalence of underweight, weight for age (% of children under 5): Q2


Prevalence of underweight, weight for age (% of children under 5): Q3


Prevalence of underweight, weight for age (% of children under 5): Q4


Prevalence of underweight, weight for age (% of children under 5): Q5 (highest)


Mammography in last 2 years, (% of females 50-69)

Percentage of women who received a mammogram in the last 2 years (preferably age 50-69 but age groups may vary)


Mammography in last 2 years, (% of females 50-69): Q1 (lowest)


Mammography in last 2 years, (% of females 50-69): Q2


Mammography in last 2 years, (% of females 50-69): Q3


Mammography in last 2 years, (% of females 50-69): Q4


Mammography in last 2 years, (% of females 50-69): Q5 (highest)


Prevalence of obesity, female, BMI > 30 (% of population 15-49)

Percentage of females aged 15-49 with BMI above 30 (excludes currently pregnant women and women having given birth in the three months preceding the survey)


Prevalence of obesity, female, BMI > 30 (% of population 15-49): Q1 (lowest)


Prevalence of obesity, female, BMI > 30 (% of population 15-49): Q2


Prevalence of obesity, female, BMI > 30 (% of population 15-49): Q3


Prevalence of obesity, female, BMI > 30 (% of population 15-49): Q4


Prevalence of obesity, female, BMI > 30 (% of population 15-49): Q5 (highest)


Prevalence of obesity, female, BMI > 30 (% of population 18+)

Percentage of females aged 18 and older with BMI above 30


Prevalence of obesity, female, BMI > 30 (% of population 18+): Q1 (lowest)


Prevalence of obesity, female, BMI > 30 (% of population 18+): Q2


Prevalence of obesity, female, BMI > 30 (% of population 18+): Q3


Prevalence of obesity, female, BMI > 30 (% of population 18+): Q4


Prevalence of obesity, female, BMI > 30 (% of population 18+): Q5 (highest)


Prevalence of obesity, male, BMI > 30 (% of population 18+)

Percentage of males aged 18 and older with BMI above 30


Prevalence of obesity, male, BMI > 30 (% of population 18+): Q1 (lowest)


Prevalence of obesity, male, BMI > 30 (% of population 18+): Q2


Prevalence of obesity, male, BMI > 30 (% of population 18+): Q3


Prevalence of obesity, male, BMI > 30 (% of population 18+): Q4


Prevalence of obesity, male, BMI > 30 (% of population 18+): Q5 (highest)


Prevalence of obesity, BMI > 30 (% of population 18+)

Percentage of population aged 18 or older with BMI above 30


Prevalence of obesity, BMI > 30 (% of population 18+): Q1 (lowest)


Prevalence of obesity, BMI > 30 (% of population 18+): Q2


Prevalence of obesity, BMI > 30 (% of population 18+): Q3


Prevalence of obesity, BMI > 30 (% of population 18+): Q4


Prevalence of obesity, BMI > 30 (% of population 18+): Q5 (highest)


Diarrhea treatment (% of children under 5 who received ORS)

Percentage of children under 5 with diarrhea in the 2 weeks before the survey who were given oral rehydration salts (ORS)


Diarrhea treatment (% of children under 5 who received ORS): Q1 (lowest)


Diarrhea treatment (% of children under 5 who received ORS): Q2


Diarrhea treatment (% of children under 5 who received ORS): Q3


Diarrhea treatment (% of children under 5 who received ORS): Q4


Diarrhea treatment (% of children under 5 who received ORS): Q5 (highest)


Prevalence of overweight, female, BMI > 25 (% of population ages 15-49)

Percentage of female population aged 15-49 with BMI above 25 (excludes currently pregnant women and women having given birth in the three months preceding the survey)


Prevalence of overweight, female, BMI > 25 (% of population ages 15-49): Q1 (lowest)


Prevalence of overweight, female, BMI > 25 (% of population ages 15-49): Q2


Prevalence of overweight, female, BMI > 25 (% of population ages 15-49): Q3


Prevalence of overweight, female, BMI > 25 (% of population ages 15-49): Q4


Prevalence of overweight, female, BMI > 25 (% of population ages 15-49): Q5 (highest)


Prevalence of overweight, female, BMI > 25 (% of population 18+)

Percentage of female population aged 18 or older with BMI above 25


Prevalence of overweight, female, BMI > 25 (% of population 18+): Q1 (lowest)


Prevalence of overweight, female, BMI > 25 (% of population 18+): Q2


Prevalence of overweight, female, BMI > 25 (% of population 18+): Q3


Prevalence of overweight, female, BMI > 25 (% of population 18+): Q4


Prevalence of overweight, female, BMI > 25 (% of population 18+): Q5 (highest)


Prevalence of overweight, male, BMI > 25 (% of population 18+)

Percentage of male population aged 18 or older with BMI above 25


Prevalence of overweight, male, BMI > 25 (% of population 18+): Q1 (lowest)


Prevalence of overweight, male, BMI > 25 (% of population 18+): Q2


Prevalence of overweight, male, BMI > 25 (% of population 18+): Q3


Prevalence of overweight, male, BMI > 25 (% of population 18+): Q4


Prevalence of overweight, male, BMI > 25 (% of population 18+): Q5 (highest)


Prevalence of overweight, BMI > 25 (% of population 18+)

Percentage of population aged 18 or older with BMI above 25


Prevalence of overweight, BMI > 25 (% of population 18+): Q1 (lowest)


Prevalence of overweight, BMI > 25 (% of population 18+): Q2


Prevalence of overweight, BMI > 25 (% of population 18+): Q3


Prevalence of overweight, BMI > 25 (% of population 18+): Q4


Prevalence of overweight, BMI > 25 (% of population 18+): Q5 (highest)


Prevalence of stunting, height for age (% of children under 5)

Percentage of children under 5 with a Height-for-Age z-score <-2 standard deviations from the reference median (z-score calculated using WHO 2006 Child Growth Standards)


Prevalence of stunting, height for age (% of children under 5): Q1 (lowest)


Prevalence of stunting, height for age (% of children under 5): Q2


Prevalence of stunting, height for age (% of children under 5): Q3


Prevalence of stunting, height for age (% of children under 5): Q4


Prevalence of stunting, height for age (% of children under 5): Q5 (highest)


Proportion of population pushed below the 60% median consumption poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%)

Percentage of population pushed below 60% of median consumption by out-of-pocket health spending


Proportion of population pushed below the 60% median consumption poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q1 (lowest)


Proportion of population pushed below the 60% median consumption poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q2


Proportion of population pushed below the 60% median consumption poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q3


Proportion of population pushed below the 60% median consumption poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q4


Proportion of population pushed below the 60% median consumption poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q5 (highest)


Change in poverty gap due to out-of-pocket health spending ($ 2011 PPP), $1.90 poverty line


Proportion of population pushed below the $1.90 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%)

Percentage of population pushed below 1.90 international $ per day consumption poverty line by out-of-pocket health spending


Proportion of population pushed below the $1.90 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q1 (lowest)


Proportion of population pushed below the $1.90 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q2


Proportion of population pushed below the $1.90 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q3


Proportion of population pushed below the $1.90 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q4


Proportion of population pushed below the $1.90 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q5 (highest)


Change in poverty gap due to out-of-pocket health spending ($ 2011 PPP), $3.20 poverty line


Proportion of population pushed below the $3.20 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%)

Percentage of population pushed below 3.20 international $ per day consumption poverty line by out-of-pocket health spending


Proportion of population pushed below the $3.20 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q1 (lowest)


Proportion of population pushed below the $3.20 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q2


Proportion of population pushed below the $3.20 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q3


Proportion of population pushed below the $3.20 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q4


Proportion of population pushed below the $3.20 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q5 (highest)


Change in poverty gap due to out-of-pocket health spending ($ 2011 PPP), $5.50 poverty line


Proportion of population pushed below the $5.50 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%)


Proportion of population pushed below the $5.50 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q1 (lowest)


Proportion of population pushed below the $5.50 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q2


Proportion of population pushed below the $5.50 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q3


Proportion of population pushed below the $5.50 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q4


Proportion of population pushed below the $5.50 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q5 (highest)


Change in poverty gap due to out-of-pocket health spending ($ 2011 PPP), $21.70 poverty line


Proportion of population pushed below the $21.70 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%)


Proportion of population pushed below the $21.70 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q1 (lowest)


Proportion of population pushed below the $21.70 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q2


Proportion of population pushed below the $21.70 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q3


Proportion of population pushed below the $21.70 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q4


Proportion of population pushed below the $21.70 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q5 (highest)


Proportion of population pushed by out-of-pocket health care expenditure below the societal poverty line, defined as the higher of the $1.90 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line and a 50% of median consumption poverty line (%)


Proportion of population pushed by out-of-pocket health care expenditure below the societal poverty line, defined as the higher of the $1.90 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line and a 50% of median consumption poverty line (%)               : Q1 (lowest)


Proportion of population pushed by out-of-pocket health care expenditure below the societal poverty line, defined as the higher of the $1.90 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line and a 50% of median consumption poverty line (%)               : Q2


Proportion of population pushed by out-of-pocket health care expenditure below the societal poverty line, defined as the higher of the $1.90 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line and a 50% of median consumption poverty line (%)               : Q3


Proportion of population pushed by out-of-pocket health care expenditure below the societal poverty line, defined as the higher of the $1.90 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line and a 50% of median consumption poverty line (%)               : Q4


Proportion of population pushed by out-of-pocket health care expenditure below the societal poverty line, defined as the higher of the $1.90 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line and a 50% of median consumption poverty line (%)               : Q5 (highest)


Mean household per capita out-of-pocket health spending ($ 2011 PPP)


Mean share of household consumption or income used on out-of-pocket health spending (%)


Mean share of household consumption or income used on out-of-pocket health spending (%): Q1 (lowest)


Mean share of household consumption or income used on out-of-pocket health spending (%): Q2


Mean share of household consumption or income used on out-of-pocket health spending (%): Q3


Mean share of household consumption or income used on out-of-pocket health spending (%): Q4


Mean share of household consumption or income used on out-of-pocket health spending (%): Q5 (highest)


Proportion of population spending more than 10% of household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%)

Percentage of population with out-of-pocket health spending larger than 10% of total household expenditure


Proportion of population spending more than 10% of household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q1 (lowest)


Proportion of population spending more than 10% of household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q2


Proportion of population spending more than 10% of household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q3


Proportion of population spending more than 10% of household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q4


Proportion of population spending more than 10% of household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q5 (highest)


Proportion of population spending more than 25% of household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%)

Percentage of population with out-of-pocket health spending larger than 25% of total household expenditure


Proportion of population spending more than 25% of household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q1 (lowest)


Proportion of population spending more than 25% of household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q2


Proportion of population spending more than 25% of household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q3


Proportion of population spending more than 25% of household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q4


Proportion of population spending more than 25% of household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%): Q5 (highest)


Unmet need for contraception (% of females ages 15-49)

Percentage of women age 15-49 who are married or live in union who do not want to become pregnant but are not using contraception (revised definition by Bradley et al. 2012)


Unmet need for contraception (% of females ages 15-49): Q1 (lowest)


Unmet need for contraception (% of females ages 15-49): Q2


Unmet need for contraception (% of females ages 15-49): Q3


Unmet need for contraception (% of females ages 15-49): Q4


Unmet need for contraception (% of females ages 15-49): Q5 (highest)


DHS: Gross attendance rate. Post Secondary

Gross attendance rate. Post Secondary is the number of post-secondary school pupils of any age, expressed as a percentage of youth of post-secondary school age. Post-secondary school age is defined as the age range from graduation from secondary school till the maximum age set as a parameter of the educational system.


DHS: Gross attendance rate. Post Secondary. Female

Gross attendance rate. Post Secondary. Female is the number of female post-secondary school pupils of any age, expressed as a percentage of the population of females of post-secondary school age. Post-secondary school age is defined as the age range from graduation from secondary school till the maximum age set as a parameter of the educational system.


DHS: Gross attendance rate. Post Secondary. Male

Gross attendance rate. Post Secondary. Male is the number of male post-secondary school pupils of any age, expressed as a percentage of the population of males of post-secondary school age. Post-secondary school age is defined as the age range from graduation from secondary school till the maximum age set as a parameter of the educational system.


DHS: Gross attendance rate. Post Secondary. Quintile 1

Gross attendance rate. Post Secondary. Quintile 1 is the number of quintile 1 post-secondary school pupils of any age, expressed as a percentage of the quintile 1 population of post-secondary school age. Post-secondary school age is defined as the age range from graduation from secondary school till the maximum age set as a parameter of the educational system. Each poverty quintile represents one fifth of students with quintile 1 being the poorest 20 percent of students and quintile 5 being the richest 20 percent of students.