Industrial nitrous oxide emissions are emissions produced during the manufacturing of adipic acid and nitric acid.


Nitrous oxide emissions (thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent)

Nitrous oxide emissions are emissions from agricultural biomass burning, industrial activities, and livestock management.

Climate Watch Historical GHG Emissions (1990-2020). 2023. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at: https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions


Nitrous oxide emissions (metric tons of CO2 equivalent)


Nitrous oxide emissions (metric tons of CO2 equivalent per capita)


Nitrous oxide emissions (% change from 1990)

Nitrous oxide emissions are emissions from agricultural biomass burning, industrial activities, and livestock management. Each year of data shows the percentage change to that year from 1990.

World Bank staff estimates from original source: European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC)/Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL). Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR): http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/.


PFC gas emissions (thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent)

Perfluorocarbons, used as a replacement for chlorofluorocarbons in manufacturing semiconductors, are a byproduct of aluminum smelting and uranium enrichment.

European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC)/Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL). Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR): http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/


PM10, country level (micrograms per cubic meter)

Particulate matter concentrations refer to fine suspended particulates less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10) that are capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory tract and causing significant health damage. Data for countries and aggregates for regions and income groups are urban-population weighted PM10 levels in residential areas of cities with more than 100,000 residents. The estimates represent the average annual exposure level of the average urban resident to outdoor particulate matter. The state of a country's technology and pollution controls is an important determinant of particulate matter concentrations.

Kiran Dev Pandey, David Wheeler, Bart Ostro, Uwe Deichmann, Kirk Hamilton, and Katherine Bolt. "Ambient Particulate Matter Concentrations in Residential and Pollution Hotspot Areas of World Cities: New Estimates Based on the Global Model of Ambient Particulates (GMAPS)," World Bank, Development Research Group and Environment Department (2006).


PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (micrograms per cubic meter)

Population-weighted exposure to ambient PM2.5 pollution is defined as the average level of exposure of a nation's population to concentrations of suspended particles measuring less than 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter, which are capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory tract and causing severe health damage. Exposure is calculated by weighting mean annual concentrations of PM2.5 by population in both urban and rural areas.

Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. 2021. Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) Air Pollution Exposure Estimates 1990-2019. Seattle, United States of America: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). https://doi.org/10.6069/70JS-NC54


PM2.5 pollution, population exposed to levels exceeding WHO Interim Target-1 value (% of total)

Percent of population exposed to ambient concentrations of PM2.5 that exceed the World Health Organization (WHO) Interim Target 1 (IT-1) is defined as the portion of a country’s population living in places where mean annual concentrations of PM2.5 are greater than 35 micrograms per cubic meter. The Air Quality Guideline (AQG) of 10 micrograms per cubic meter is recommended by the WHO as the lower end of the range of concentrations over which adverse health effects due to PM2.5 exposure have been observed.

Brauer, M. et al. 2017, for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.


PM2.5 pollution, population exposed to levels exceeding WHO Interim Target-2 value (% of total)

Percent of population exposed to ambient concentrations of PM2.5 that exceed the World Health Organization (WHO) Interim Target 2 (IT-2) is defined as the portion of a country’s population living in places where mean annual concentrations of PM2.5 are greater than 25 micrograms per cubic meter. The Air Quality Guideline (AQG) of 10 micrograms per cubic meter is recommended by the WHO as the lower end of the range of concentrations over which adverse health effects due to PM2.5 exposure have been observed.


PM2.5 pollution, population exposed to levels exceeding WHO Interim Target-3 value (% of total)

Percent of population exposed to ambient concentrations of PM2.5 that exceed the World Health Organization (WHO) Interim Target 3 (IT-3) is defined as the portion of a country’s population living in places where mean annual concentrations of PM2.5 are greater than 15 micrograms per cubic meter. The Air Quality Guideline (AQG) of 10 micrograms per cubic meter is recommended by the WHO as the lower end of the range of concentrations over which adverse health effects due to PM2.5 exposure have been observed.


PM2.5 air pollution, population exposed to levels exceeding WHO guideline value (% of total)

Percent of population exposed to ambient concentrations of PM2.5 that exceed the WHO guideline value is defined as the portion of a country’s population living in places where mean annual concentrations of PM2.5 are greater than 10 micrograms per cubic meter, the guideline value recommended by the World Health Organization as the lower end of the range of concentrations over which adverse health effects due to PM2.5 exposure have been observed.


SF6 gas emissions (thousand metric tons of CO2 equivalent)

Sulfur hexafluoride is used largely to insulate high-voltage electric power equipment.


Bird species, threatened

Birds are listed for countries included within their breeding or wintering ranges. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known.

United Nations Environmental Program and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, and International Union for Conservation of Nature, Red List of Threatened Species.


Cooling Degree Days

Environment, Social and Governance (ESG) Data

A cooling degree day (CDD) is a measurement designed to track energy use. It is the number of degrees that a day's average temperature is above 18°C (65°F). Daily degree days are accumulated to obtain annual values.

World Bank, Climate Change Knowledge Portal. https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org


Disaster risk reduction progress score (1-5 scale; 5=best)

Disaster risk reduction progress score is an average of self-assessment scores, ranging from 1 to 5, submitted by countries under Priority 1 of the Hyogo Framework National Progress Reports. The Hyogo Framework is a global blueprint for disaster risk reduction efforts that was adopted by 168 countries in 2005. Assessments of "Priority 1" include four indicators that reflect the degree to which countries have prioritized disaster risk reduction and the strengthening of relevant institutions.

(UNISDR, 2009-2011 Progress Reports, http://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo).


GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (Mt of CO2 equivalent)

GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF refers to changes in atmospheric levels of all greenhouse gases attributable to forest and land-use change activities, including but not limited to (1) emissions and removals of CO2 from decreases or increases in biomass stocks due to forest management, logging, fuelwood collection, etc.; (2) conversion of existing forests and natural grasslands to other land uses; (3) removal of CO2 from the abandonment of formerly managed lands (e.g. croplands and pastures); and (4) emissions and removals of CO2 in soil associated with land-use change and management. For Annex-I countries under the UNFCCC, these data are drawn from the annual GHG inventories submitted to the UNFCCC by each country; for non-Annex-I countries, data are drawn from the most recently submitted National Communication where available. Because of differences in reporting years and methodologies, these data are not generally considered comparable across countries. Data are in million metric tons.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.


Heating Degree Days

A heating degree day (HDD) is a measurement designed to track energy use. It is the number of degrees that a day's average temperature is below 18°C (65°F). Daily degree days are accumulated to obtain annual values.


Heat Index 35

Total count of days per year where the daily mean Heat Index rose above 35°C. A Heat Index is a measure of how hot it feels once humidity is factored in with air temperature.


Droughts, floods, extreme temperatures (% of population, average 1990-2009)

Droughts, floods and extreme temperatures is the annual average percentage of the population that is affected by natural disasters classified as either droughts, floods, or extreme temperature events. A drought is an extended period of time characterized by a deficiency in a region's water supply that is the result of constantly below average precipitation. A drought can lead to losses to agriculture, affect inland navigation and hydropower plants, and cause a lack of drinking water and famine. A flood is a significant rise of water level in a stream, lake, reservoir or coastal region. Extreme temperature events are either cold waves or heat waves. A cold wave can be both a prolonged period of excessively cold weather and the sudden invasion of very cold air over a large area. Along with frost it can cause damage to agriculture, infrastructure, and property. A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot and sometimes also humid weather relative to normal climate patterns of a certain region. Population affected is the number of people injured, left homeless or requiring immediate assistance during a period of emergency resulting from a natural disaster; it can also include displaced or evacuated people. Average percentage of population affected is calculated by dividing the sum of total affected for the period stated by the sum of the annual population figures for the period stated.

EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database: www.emdat.be, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels (Belgium), World Bank.


The SPEI fulfills the requirements of a drought index since its multi-scalar character enables it to be used by different scientific disciplines to detect, monitor, and analyze droughts. Like the sc-PDSI and the SPI, the SPEI can measure drought severity according to its intensity and duration, and can identify the onset and end of drought episodes. The SPEI allows comparison of drought severity through time and space, since it can be calculated over a wide range of climates, as can the SPI.

Global SPEI database (SPEIbase). https://spei.csic.es/database.html


CO2 emissions from residential buildings and commercial and public services (million metric tons)

CO2 emissions from residential buildings and commercial and public services contains all emissions from fuel combustion in households. This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 4 b. Commercial and public services includes emissions from all activities of ISIC Divisions 41, 50-52, 55, 63-67, 70-75, 80, 85, 90-93 and 99.

IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014 (http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), subject to https://www.iea.org/t&c/termsandconditions/


CO2 emissions from residential buildings and commercial and public services (% of total fuel combustion)

IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014 (https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics), subject to https://www.iea.org/terms/


CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production, total (million metric tons)

CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production is the sum of three IEA categories of CO2 emissions: (1) Main Activity Producer Electricity and Heat which contains the sum of emissions from main activity producer electricity generation, combined heat and power generation and heat plants. Main activity producers (formerly known as public utilities) are defined as those undertakings whose primary activity is to supply the public. They may be publicly or privately owned. This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 1 a. For the CO2 emissions from fuel combustion (summary) file, emissions from own on-site use of fuel in power plants (EPOWERPLT) are also included. (2) Unallocated Autoproducers which contains the emissions from the generation of electricity and/or heat by autoproducers. Autoproducers are defined as undertakings that generate electricity and/or heat, wholly or partly for their own use as an activity which supports their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned. In the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, these emissions would normally be distributed between industry, transport and "other" sectors. (3) Other Energy Industries contains emissions from fuel combusted in petroleum refineries, for the manufacture of solid fuels, coal mining, oil and gas extraction and other energy-producing industries. This corresponds to the IPCC Source/Sink Categories 1 A 1 b and 1 A 1 c. According to the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, emissions from coke inputs to blast furnaces can either be counted here or in the Industrial Processes source/sink category. Within detailed sectoral calculations, certain non-energy processes can be distinguished. In the reduction of iron in a blast furnace through the combustion of coke, the primary purpose of the coke oxidation is to produce pig iron and the emissions can be considered as an industrial process. Care must be taken not to double count these emissions in both Energy and Industrial Processes. In the IEA estimations, these emissions have been included in this category.


CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production, total (% of total fuel combustion)


CO2 emissions from manufacturing industries and construction (million metric tons)

CO2 emissions from manufacturing industries and construction contains the emissions from combustion of fuels in industry. The IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 2 includes these emissions. However, in the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, the IPCC category also includes emissions from industry autoproducers that generate electricity and/or heat. The IEA data are not collected in a way that allows the energy consumption to be split by specific end-use and therefore, autoproducers are shown as a separate item (Unallocated Autoproducers). Manufacturing industries and construction also includes emissions from coke inputs into blast furnaces, which may be reported either in the transformation sector, the industry sector or the separate IPCC Source/Sink Category 2, Industrial Processes.


CO2 emissions from manufacturing industries and construction (% of total fuel combustion)


CO2 emissions from other sectors, excluding residential buildings and commercial and public services (million metric tons)

CO2 emissions from other sectors, less residential buildings and commercial and public services, contains the emissions from commercial/institutional activities, residential, agriculture/forestry, fishing and other emissions not specified elsewhere that are included in the IPCC Source/Sink Categories 1 A 4 and 1 A 5. In the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, the category also includes emissions from autoproducers in the commercial/residential/agricultural sectors that generate electricity and/or heat. The IEA data are not collected in a way that allows the energy consumption to be split by specific end-use and therefore, autoproducers are shown as a separate item (Unallocated Autoproducers).


CO2 emissions from other sectors, excluding residential buildings and commercial and public services (% of total fuel combustion)


CO2 emissions from transport (million metric tons)

CO2 emissions from transport contains emissions from the combustion of fuel for all transport activity, regardless of the sector, except for international marine bunkers and international aviation. This includes domestic aviation, domestic navigation, road, rail and pipeline transport, and corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 3. In addition, the IEA data are not collected in a way that allows the autoproducer consumption to be split by specific end-use and therefore, autoproducers are shown as a separate item (Unallocated Autoproducers).


CO2 emissions from transport (% of total fuel combustion)


Commercial energy production (kt of oil equivalent)


Electric power transmission and distribution losses (% of output)


Fish species, threatened

Fish species are based on Froese, R. and Pauly, D. (eds). 2008. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known.

Froese, R. and Pauly, D. (eds). 2008. FishBase database, www.fishbase.org.


Total greenhouse gas emissions including LULUCF (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of the six greenhouse gases (GHG) covered by the Kyoto Protocol (carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphurhexafluoride (SF6)) from the energy, industry, waste, agriculture, and land use, land use changes, and forestry (LULUCF) sectors, standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values. The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).

EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) Community GHG Database, a collaboration between the European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), the International Energy Agency (IEA), and comprising IEA-EDGAR CO2, EDGAR CH4, EDGAR N2O, EDGAR F-GASES version 8.0, (2023) European Commission, JRC (Datasets). https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset_ghg72; Grassi, G., Conchedda, G., Federici, S., Abad Viñas, R., Korosuo, A., Melo, J., Rossi, S., Sandker, M., Somogyi, Z., and Tubiello, F. N.: Carbon fluxes from land 2000–2020: bringing clarity on countries’ reporting, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4643–4666, 2022, doi:10.5194/essd-14-4643-2022. Data available from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7190601


Total greenhouse gas emissions excluding LULUCF (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of the six greenhouse gases (GHG) covered by the Kyoto Protocol (carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphurhexafluoride (SF6)) from the energy, industry, waste, and agriculture sectors, standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values. This measure excludes GHG fluxes caused by Land Use Change Land Use and Forestry (LULUCF), as these fluxes have larger uncertainties. The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).

EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) Community GHG Database, a collaboration between the European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), the International Energy Agency (IEA), and comprising IEA-EDGAR CO2, EDGAR CH4, EDGAR N2O, EDGAR F-GASES version 8.0, (2023) European Commission, JRC (Datasets). https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset_ghg72


Total greenhouse gas emissions excluding LULUCF per capita (t CO2e/capita)

Total annual emissions of the six greenhouse gases (GHG) covered by the Kyoto Protocol (carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphurhexafluoride (SF6)) from the energy, industry, waste, and agriculture sectors, standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values divided by the economy's population. This measure excludes GHG fluxes caused by Land Use Change Land Use and Forestry (LULUCF), as these fluxes have larger uncertainties.

EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) Community GHG Database, a collaboration between the European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), the International Energy Agency (IEA), and comprising IEA-EDGAR CO2, EDGAR CH4, EDGAR N2O, EDGAR F-GASES version 8.0, (2023) European Commission, JRC (Datasets). https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset_ghg80


Methane (CH4) emissions from Agriculture (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of methane (CH4), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from the agricultural sector. This includes emissions from livestock (IPCC 2006 codes 3.A.1 (enteric fermentation, 3.a.2 (manure management) and crops (IPCC 2006 codes 3.C.1 Emissions from biomass burning, 3.C.2 Liming, 3.C.3 Urea application, 3.C.4 Direct N2O Emissions from managed soils, 3.C.5 Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils, 3.C.6 Indirect N2O Emissions from manure management, 3.C.7 Rice cultivations). The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).


Methane (CH4) emissions from Building (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of methane (CH4), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from the building sector (subsector of the energy sector) including IPCC 2006 codes 1.A.4 Residential and other sectors, 1.A.5 Non-Specified. The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).


Methane (CH4) emissions from Fugitive Emissions (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of methane (CH4), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from fugitive emissions (subsector of the energy sector) including IPCC 2006 codes 1.A.1.bc Petroleum Refining - Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries, 1.B.1 Solid Fuels, 1.B.2 Oil and Natural Gas, 5.B. The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).


Methane (CH4) emissions from Industrial Combustion (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of methane (CH4), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from industrial combustion (subsector of the energy sector) including IPCC 2006 code 1.A.2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction. The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).


Methane (CH4) emissions from Industrial Processes (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of methane (CH4), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from industrial processes including IPCC 2006 codes 2.A.1 Cement production, 2.A.2 Lime production, 2.A.3 Glass Production, 2.A.4 Other Process Uses of Carbonates, 2.B Chemical Industry, 2.C Metal Industry, 2.D Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use, 2.E Electronics Industry, 2.F Product Uses as Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances, 2.G Other Product Manufacture and Use and 5.A Indirect N2O emissions from the atmospheric deposition of nitrogen in NOx and NH3). The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).


Methane (CH4) emissions (total) excluding LULUCF (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of methane (CH4), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from the agriculture, energy, waste, and industrial sectors, excluding LULUCF.. The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).


Methane (CH4) emissions from Power Industry (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of methane (CH4), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from electricity and heat generation (subsector of the energy sector) including IPCC 2006 code 1.A.1.a. The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).


Methane (CH4) emissions from Transport (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of methane (CH4), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from the transportation sector (subsector of the energy sector) including IPCC 2006 codes 1.A.3.a Civil Aviation, 1.A.3.b_noRES Road Transportation no resuspension, 1.A.3.c Railways, 1.A.3.d Water-borne Navigation, 1.A.3.e Other Transportation. The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).


Methane (CH4) emissions from Waste (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of methane (CH4), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from the waste sector. This includes emissions from solid waste (IPCC 2006 codes 4.A Solid Waste Disposal, 4.B Biological Treatment of Solid Waste, 4.C Incineration and Open Burning of Waste) and wastewater treatment (IPCC 2006 code 4.D Wastewater Treatment and Discharge). The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).


Methane (CH4) emissions (total) excluding LULUCF (% change from 1990)

Change of emissions (as %) of current year with respect to emissions in baseline year 1990 emissions of methane (CH4), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from the agriculture, energy, waste, and industrial sectors, excluding LULUCF.. The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5). Negative values indicate that the emission level for that year is lower than the emissions level in 1990.


Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from Agriculture (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from the agricultural sector. This includes emissions from livestock (IPCC 2006 codes 3.A.1 (enteric fermentation, 3.a.2 (manure management) and crops (IPCC 2006 codes 3.C.1 Emissions from biomass burning, 3.C.2 Liming, 3.C.3 Urea application, 3.C.4 Direct N2O Emissions from managed soils, 3.C.5 Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils, 3.C.6 Indirect N2O Emissions from manure management, 3.C.7 Rice cultivations). The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).

EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) Community GHG Database, a collaboration between the European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), the International Energy Agency (IEA), and comprising IEA-EDGAR CO2, EDGAR CH4, EDGAR N2O, EDGAR F-GASES version 8.0, (2023) European Commission, JRC (Datasets). https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset_ghg73


Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from Building (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from the building sector (subsector of the energy sector) including IPCC 2006 codes 1.A.4 Residential and other sectors, 1.A.5 Non-Specified. The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).

EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) Community GHG Database, a collaboration between the European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), the International Energy Agency (IEA), and comprising IEA-EDGAR CO2, EDGAR CH4, EDGAR N2O, EDGAR F-GASES version 8.0, (2023) European Commission, JRC (Datasets). https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset_ghg74


Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from Fugitive Emissions (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from fugitive emissions (subsector of the energy sector) including IPCC 2006 codes 1.A.1.bc Petroleum Refining - Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries, 1.B.1 Solid Fuels, 1.B.2 Oil and Natural Gas, 5.B. The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).

EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) Community GHG Database, a collaboration between the European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), the International Energy Agency (IEA), and comprising IEA-EDGAR CO2, EDGAR CH4, EDGAR N2O, EDGAR F-GASES version 8.0, (2023) European Commission, JRC (Datasets). https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset_ghg75


Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from Industrial Combustion (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from industrial combustion (subsector of the energy sector) including IPCC 2006 code 1.A.2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction. The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).

EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) Community GHG Database, a collaboration between the European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), the International Energy Agency (IEA), and comprising IEA-EDGAR CO2, EDGAR CH4, EDGAR N2O, EDGAR F-GASES version 8.0, (2023) European Commission, JRC (Datasets). https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset_ghg76


Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from Industrial Processes (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from industrial processes including IPCC 2006 codes 2.A.1 Cement production, 2.A.2 Lime production, 2.A.3 Glass Production, 2.A.4 Other Process Uses of Carbonates, 2.B Chemical Industry, 2.C Metal Industry, 2.D Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use, 2.E Electronics Industry, 2.F Product Uses as Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances, 2.G Other Product Manufacture and Use and 5.A Indirect N2O emissions from the atmospheric deposition of nitrogen in NOx and NH3). The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).

EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) Community GHG Database, a collaboration between the European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), the International Energy Agency (IEA), and comprising IEA-EDGAR CO2, EDGAR CH4, EDGAR N2O, EDGAR F-GASES version 8.0, (2023) European Commission, JRC (Datasets). https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset_ghg78


Carbon dioxide (CO2) net fluxes from LULUCF - Deforestation (Mt CO2e)

Net flux of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the category "Deforestation".

Grassi, G., Conchedda, G., Federici, S., Abad Viñas, R., Korosuo, A., Melo, J., Rossi, S., Sandker, M., Somogyi, Z., and Tubiello, F. N.: Carbon fluxes from land 2000–2020: bringing clarity on countries’ reporting, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4643–4666, 2022, doi:10.5194/essd-14-4643-2022. Data available from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7190601


Carbon dioxide (CO2) net fluxes from LULUCF - Forest Land (Mt CO2e)

Net flux of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the category "Forest land".

Grassi, G., Conchedda, G., Federici, S., Abad Viñas, R., Korosuo, A., Melo, J., Rossi, S., Sandker, M., Somogyi, Z., and Tubiello, F. N.: Carbon fluxes from land 2000–2020: bringing clarity on countries’ reporting, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4643–4666, 2022, doi:10.5194/essd-14-4643-2022. Data available from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7190602


Carbon dioxide (CO2) net fluxes from LULUCF - Total excluding non-tropical fires (Mt CO2e)

Net flux of carbon dioxide (CO2) from Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry LULUCF, excluding non-ropical fires at the country level.

Grassi, G., Conchedda, G., Federici, S., Abad Viñas, R., Korosuo, A., Melo, J., Rossi, S., Sandker, M., Somogyi, Z., and Tubiello, F. N.: Carbon fluxes from land 2000–2020: bringing clarity on countries’ reporting, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4643–4666, 2022, doi:10.5194/essd-14-4643-2022. Data available from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7190605


Carbon dioxide (CO2) net fluxes from LULUCF - Other Land (Mt CO2e)

Net flux of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the category "Other land".

Grassi, G., Conchedda, G., Federici, S., Abad Viñas, R., Korosuo, A., Melo, J., Rossi, S., Sandker, M., Somogyi, Z., and Tubiello, F. N.: Carbon fluxes from land 2000–2020: bringing clarity on countries’ reporting, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4643–4666, 2022, doi:10.5194/essd-14-4643-2022. Data available from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7190604


Carbon dioxide (CO2) net fluxes from LULUCF - Organic Soil (Mt CO2e)

Net flux of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the category "Organic soil".

Grassi, G., Conchedda, G., Federici, S., Abad Viñas, R., Korosuo, A., Melo, J., Rossi, S., Sandker, M., Somogyi, Z., and Tubiello, F. N.: Carbon fluxes from land 2000–2020: bringing clarity on countries’ reporting, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4643–4666, 2022, doi:10.5194/essd-14-4643-2022. Data available from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7190603


Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (total) excluding LULUCF (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from the agriculture, energy, waste, and industrial sectors, excluding LULUCF.. The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).


Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions excluding LULUCF per capita (t CO2e/capita)

Total annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from the agriculture, energy, waste, and industrial sectors, excluding LULUCF, standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values divided by the economy's population. This measure excludes GHG fluxes caused by Land Use Change Land Use and Forestry (LULUCF), as these fluxes have larger uncertainties.


Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from Power Industry (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from electricity and heat generation (subsector of the energy sector) including IPCC 2006 code 1.A.1.a. The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).

EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) Community GHG Database, a collaboration between the European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), the International Energy Agency (IEA), and comprising IEA-EDGAR CO2, EDGAR CH4, EDGAR N2O, EDGAR F-GASES version 8.0, (2023) European Commission, JRC (Datasets). https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset_ghg77


Carbon intensity of GDP (kg CO2e per constant 2015 US$ of GDP)

Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from the agriculture, energy, waste, and industrial sectors, excluding LULUCF divided by the GDP in constant 2021 US$.


Carbon intensity of GDP (kg CO2e per 2021 PPP $ of GDP)

Annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from the agriculture, energy, waste, and industrial sectors, excluding LULUCF divided by the GDP in 2021 PPP $.


Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from Transport (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from the transportation sector (subsector of the energy sector) including IPCC 2006 codes 1.A.3.a Civil Aviation, 1.A.3.b_noRES Road Transportation no resuspension, 1.A.3.c Railways, 1.A.3.d Water-borne Navigation, 1.A.3.e Other Transportation. The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).

EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) Community GHG Database, a collaboration between the European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), the International Energy Agency (IEA), and comprising IEA-EDGAR CO2, EDGAR CH4, EDGAR N2O, EDGAR F-GASES version 8.0, (2023) European Commission, JRC (Datasets). https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset_ghg79


Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from Waste (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from the waste sector. This includes emissions from solid waste (IPCC 2006 codes 4.A Solid Waste Disposal, 4.B Biological Treatment of Solid Waste, 4.C Incineration and Open Burning of Waste) and wastewater treatment (IPCC 2006 code 4.D Wastewater Treatment and Discharge). The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).


Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (total) excluding LULUCF (% change from 1990)

Change of emissions (as %) of current year with respect to emissions in baseline year 1990 emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from the agriculture, energy, waste, and industrial sectors, excluding LULUCF.. The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5). Negative values indicate that the emission level for that year is lower than the emissions level in 1990.


F-gases emissions from Industrial Processes (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of fluorinated gases (hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphurhexafluoride (SF6)), from industrial processes including IPCC 2006 codes 2.B Chemical Industry, 2.C Metal Industry, 2.E Electronics Industry, 2.F Product Uses as Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances, 2.G Other Product Manufacture and Use The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).


Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Agriculture (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from the agricultural sector. This includes emissions from livestock (IPCC 2006 codes 3.A.1 (enteric fermentation, 3.a.2 (manure management) and crops (IPCC 2006 codes 3.C.1 Emissions from biomass burning, 3.C.2 Liming, 3.C.3 Urea application, 3.C.4 Direct N2O Emissions from managed soils, 3.C.5 Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils, 3.C.6 Indirect N2O Emissions from manure management, 3.C.7 Rice cultivations). The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).


Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Building (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from the building sector (subsector of the energy sector) including IPCC 2006 codes 1.A.4 Residential and other sectors, 1.A.5 Non-Specified. The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).


Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Fugitive Emissions (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from fugitive emissions (subsector of the energy sector) including IPCC 2006 codes 1.A.1.bc Petroleum Refining - Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy Industries, 1.B.1 Solid Fuels, 1.B.2 Oil and Natural Gas, 5.B. The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).


Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Industrial Combustion (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from industrial combustion (subsector of the energy sector) including IPCC 2006 code 1.A.2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction. The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).


Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Industrial Processes (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from industrial processes including IPCC 2006 codes 2.A.1 Cement production, 2.A.2 Lime production, 2.A.3 Glass Production, 2.A.4 Other Process Uses of Carbonates, 2.B Chemical Industry, 2.C Metal Industry, 2.D Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use, 2.E Electronics Industry, 2.F Product Uses as Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances, 2.G Other Product Manufacture and Use and 5.A Indirect N2O emissions from the atmospheric deposition of nitrogen in NOx and NH3). The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).


Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions (total) excluding LULUCF (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from the agriculture, energy, waste, and industrial sectors, excluding LULUCF.. The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).


Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Power Industry (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from electricity and heat generation (subsector of the energy sector) including IPCC 2006 code 1.A.1.a. The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).


Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Transport (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from the transportation sector (subsector of the energy sector) including IPCC 2006 codes 1.A.3.a Civil Aviation, 1.A.3.b_noRES Road Transportation no resuspension, 1.A.3.c Railways, 1.A.3.d Water-borne Navigation, 1.A.3.e Other Transportation. The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).


Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Waste (Mt CO2e)

A measure of annual emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from the waste sector. This includes emissions from solid waste (IPCC 2006 codes 4.A Solid Waste Disposal, 4.B Biological Treatment of Solid Waste, 4.C Incineration and Open Burning of Waste) and wastewater treatment (IPCC 2006 code 4.D Wastewater Treatment and Discharge). The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).


Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions (total) excluding LULUCF (% change from 1990)

Change of emissions (as %) of current year with respect to emissions in baseline year 1990 emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), one of the six Kyoto greenhouse gases (GHG), from the agriculture, energy, waste, and industrial sectors, excluding LULUCF.. The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5). Negative values indicate that the emission level for that year is lower than the emissions level in 1990.


Total greenhouse gas emissions excluding LULUCF (% change from 1990)

Change of emissions (as %) of current year with respect to emissions in baseline year 1990 emissions of the six greenhouse gases (GHG) covered by the Kyoto Protocol (carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphurhexafluoride (SF6)) from the energy, industry, waste, and agriculture sectors, standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values. This measure excludes GHG fluxes caused by Land Use Change Land Use and Forestry (LULUCF), as these fluxes have larger uncertainties. The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5) to combine different GHGs. Negative values indicate that the emission level for that year is lower than the emissions level in 1990.


Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality


Plant species (higher), threatened

Higher plants are native vascular plant species. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known.

United Nations Environmental Program and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, and International Union for Conservation of Nature, Red List of Threatened Species.


Land use, permanent pasture (% of land area)


Mammal species, threatened

Mammal species are mammals excluding whales and porpoises. Threatened species are the number of species classified by the IUCN as endangered, vulnerable, rare, indeterminate, out of danger, or insufficiently known.


Non-agricultural population (FAO, number)

The non-agricultural population is obtained as a residual of agricultural population from the total population.

Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site.


Population density (people per sq. km of land area)

Population density is midyear population divided by land area in square kilometers. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin. Land area is a country's total area, excluding area under inland water bodies, national claims to continental shelf, and exclusive economic zones. In most cases the definition of inland water bodies includes major rivers and lakes.

Food and Agriculture Organization and World Bank population estimates.


Rural population living in areas where elevation is below 5 meters (% of total population)

Rural population below 5m is the percentage of the total population, living in areas where the elevation is 5 meters or less.

Center for International Earth Science Information Network - CIESIN - Columbia University, and CUNY Institute for Demographic Research - CIDR - City University of New York. 2021. Low Elevation Coastal Zone (LECZ) Urban-Rural Population and Land Area Estimates, Version 3. Palisades, NY: NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). https://doi.org/10.7927/d1x1-d702.


Urban population living in areas where elevation is below 5 meters (% of total population)

Urban population below 5m is the percentage of the total population, living in areas where the elevation is 5 meters or less.


Population living in areas where elevation is below 5 meters (% of total population)

Population below 5m is the percentage of the total population living in areas where the elevation is 5 meters or less.


Population living in slums (% of urban population)

Population living in slums is the proportion of the urban population living in slum households. A slum household is defined as a group of individuals living under the same roof lacking one or more of the following conditions: access to improved water, access to improved sanitation, sufficient living area, housing durability, and security of tenure, as adopted in the Millennium Development Goal Target 7.D. The successor, the Sustainable Development Goal 11.1.1, considers inadequate housing (housing affordability) to complement the above definition of slums/informal settlements.

United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT)


Rural population density (rural population per sq. km of arable land)

Rural population density is the rural population divided by the arable land area. Rural population is calculated as the difference between the total population and the urban population. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded.


Population density, rural (people per sq km)


Traditional fuel use (kt of oil equivalent)


Traditional fuel use (% of total energy use)


Traffic accidents (injured or killed per 1,000 vehicles)


Population in largest city

Population in largest city is the urban population living in the country's largest metropolitan area.

United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects.


Population in the largest city (% of urban population)

Population in largest city is the percentage of a country's urban population living in that country's largest metropolitan area.


Population in urban agglomerations of more than 1 million

Population in urban agglomerations of more than one million is the country's population living in metropolitan areas that in 2018 had a population of more than one million people.


Population in urban agglomerations of more than 1 million (% of total population)

Population in urban agglomerations of more than one million is the percentage of a country's population living in metropolitan areas that in 2018 had a population of more than one million people.


Enforcing contracts: Alternative dispute resolution (0-3) (DB16-20 methodology)

The alternative dispute resolution evaluates two aspects: (i) whether domestic commercial arbitration is regulated by law, all disputes can be submitted to arbitration and valid arbitration clauses are usually enforced by courts; and (ii) whether voluntary mediation and/or conciliation are a recognized way of resolving commercial disputes, they are regulated by law and there are financial incentives for parties to attempt mediation of conciliation. The index is computed based on the methodology in the DB17-20 studies.


Enforcing contracts: Attorney fees (% of claim)

The attorney fees are the fees that plaintiff must advance to a local attorney in the standardized case, regardless of final reimbursement.


Enforcing contracts: Cost (% of claim)

The cost to enforce contracts is recorded as a percentage of the claim value, assumed to be equivalent to 200% of income per capita or $5,000, whichever is greater. Three types of costs are recorded: average attorney fees, court costs and enforcement costs. Bribes are not taken into account.


Enforcing contracts: Cost (% of claim) - Score

The score for cost to enforce contracts benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score is indicated on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance.


Enforcing contracts: Case management (0-6) (DB16-20 methodology)

The case management evaluates six aspects of the court case management system: (i) whether there are regulations setting time standards for key court events; (ii) whether there are regulations on adjournments and continuances; (iii) whether performance measurement reports are publicly available; (iv) whether a pretrial conference is available; (v) whether an electronic case management system for judges is available; and (vi) whether an electronic case management system for lawyers is available. The index is computed based on the methodology in the DB17-20 studies.


Enforcing contracts: Court automation (0-4) (DB17-20 methodology)

The court automation evaluates four aspects: (i) whether the initial complaint can be filed electronically; (ii) whether the initial complaint can be served electronically; (iii) whether court fees can be paid electronically; and (iv) whether judgments rendered in commercial matters are made available to the public. The index is computed based on the methodology in the DB17-20 studies.


Enforcing contracts: Court fees (% of claim)

The court fees include all costs that plaintiff must advance to the court, regardless of the final cost borne by plaintiff. Court costs include the fees that the parties must pay to obtain an expert opinion, regardless of whether they are paid to the court or to the expert directly.


Enforcing contracts: Court structure and proceedings (0-5) (DB17-20 methodology)

The court structure and proceedings evaluates five aspects of the court system: (i) whether a specialized commercial court, division or section is available; (ii) whether a small claims court and/or simplified procedure for small claims is available; (iii) whether pretrial attachment of defendant's movable assets is available; (iv) whether new cases are assigned randomly and through an automated system to judges; and (v) whether a woman’s testimony in court carries the same evidentiary weight as that of a man's. The index is computed based on the methodology in the DB17-20 studies.


Enforcing contracts (DB04-15 methodology) - Score

The score for enforcing contracts is the simple average of the scores for each of the component indicators: the procedures, time and cost for resolving a commercial dispute through a local first-instance court. The score is computed based on the methodology in the DB04-15 studies.


Enforcing contracts (DB17-20 methodology) - Score

The score for enforcing contracts is the simple average of the scores for each of the component indicators: the time and cost for resolving a commercial dispute through a local first-instance court, as well as the quality of judicial processes that promotes quality and efficiency in the court system. The score is computed based on the methodology in the DB17-20 studies.


Enforcing contracts: Enforcement fees (% of claim)

The enforcement fees are all costs that plaintiff must advance to enforce the judgment through a public sale of defendant’s movable assets, regardless of the final cost borne by plaintiff.


Enforcing contracts: Enforcement of judgment (days)

The time for enforcement of judgment captures the time from the moment the time to appeal has elapsed until the money is recovered by the winning party.


Enforcing contracts: Filing and service (days)

The time for filing and service captures the time from the moment plaintiff decides to sue until defendant is served.


Enforcing contracts: Procedures (number)

The procedures to enforce contracts records the list of procedural steps compiled for each economy that traces the chronology of a commercial dispute before the relevant court. A procedure is defined as any interaction, required by law or commonly carried out in practice, between the parties or between them and the judge or court officer. The component indicator is computed based on the methodology in the DB04-15 studies.


Enforcing contracts: Procedures (number) - Score

The score for procedures to enforce contracts benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score is indicated on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance, and is computed based on the methodology in the DB04-15 studies.


Enforcing contracts: Quality of the judicial processes index (0-19) (DB17-20 methodology) - Score

The score for quality of judicial processes index benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score is indicated on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance, and is computed based on the methodology in the DB17-20 studies.


Enforcing contracts: Quality of the judicial processes index (0-18) (DB17-20 methodology)

The quality of judicial processes index is the sum of the court structure and proceedings, case management, court automation and alternative dispute resolution. The index is computed based on the methodology in the DB17-20 studies.


Rank: Enforcing contracts (1=most business-friendly regulations)

The ranking of economies on the ease of enforcing contracts is determined by sorting their scores for enforcing contracts.


Enforcing contracts: Trial and judgment (days)

The time for trial and judgment captures the time from the moment defendant is served until the time to appeal has elapsed.


Enforcing contracts: Time (days)

The time to enforce contracts is recorded in calendar days, counted from the moment plaintiff decides to file the lawsuit in court until payment. The average duration of the following three different stages of dispute resolution is recorded: (i) filing and service, (ii) trial and judgment, and (iii) enforcement.


Enforcing contracts: Time (days) - Score

The score for time to enforce contracts benchmarks economies with respect to the regulatory best practice on the indicator. The score is indicated on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the worst regulatory performance and 100 the best regulatory performance.


Consumer Price Index in 42 cities base 1996

Indonesia Database for Policy and Economic Research

An indicator of price movements of goods and services consumed by households in urban areas based on retail transactions.

BADAN PUSAT STATISTIK - Statistics Indonesia


Consumer Price Index in 45 cities base 2002


Consumer Price Index in 66 cities base 2007


Consumer Price Index in 82 cities base 2012


Consumer Price Index in 90 cities base 2018


Pump price for diesel fuel (US$ per liter)

Fuel prices refer to the pump prices of the most widely sold grade of diesel fuel. Prices have been converted from the local currency to U.S. dollars.

German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ).


Pump price for gasoline (US$ per liter)

Fuel prices refer to the pump prices of the most widely sold grade of gasoline. Prices have been converted from the local currency to U.S. dollars.


Bread and cereals price in PPP terms (U.S. price = 100)


Agricultural producer price, maize ($ per metric ton)


Meat price in PPP terms (U.S. price = 100)


Agricultural producer price, wheat ($ per metric ton)


GEF benefits index for biodiversity (0 = no biodiversity potential to 100 = maximum)

GEF benefits index for biodiversity is a composite index of relative biodiversity potential for each country based on the species represented in each country, their threat status, and the diversity of habitat types in each country. The index has been normalized so that values run from 0 (no biodiversity potential) to 100 (maximum biodiversity potential).

Kiran Dev Pandey, Piet Buys, Ken Chomitz, and David Wheeler's, "Biodiversity Conservation Indicators: New Tools for Priority Setting at the Global Environment Facility" (2006).


Aquaculture production (metric tons)

Aquaculture is understood to mean the farming of aquatic organisms including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Aquaculture production specifically refers to output from aquaculture activities, which are designated for final harvest for consumption.


Capture fisheries production (metric tons)

Capture fisheries production measures the volume of fish catches landed by a country for all commercial, industrial, recreational and subsistence purposes.


Total fisheries production (metric tons)

Total fisheries production measures the volume of aquatic species caught by a country for all commercial, industrial, recreational and subsistence purposes. The harvest from mariculture, aquaculture and other kinds of fish farming is also included.


Annual deforestation (% of change)

Average annual deforestation refers to the permanent conversion of natural forest area to other uses, including shifting cultivation, permanent agriculture, ranching, settlements, and infrastructure development. Deforested areas do not include areas logged but intended for regeneration or areas degraded by fuelwood gathering, acid precipitation, or forest fires. Negative numbers indicate an increase in forest area.

Food and Agriculture Organization, Global Forest Resources Assessment.


Water productivity, total (constant 2015 US$ GDP per cubic meter of total freshwater withdrawal)

Water productivity is calculated as GDP in constant prices divided by annual total water withdrawal.

Food and Agriculture Organization, AQUASTAT data, and World Bank and OECD GDP estimates.


Annual freshwater withdrawals, agriculture (% of total freshwater withdrawal)

Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for agriculture are total withdrawals for irrigation and livestock production. Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002.

Food and Agriculture Organization, AQUASTAT data.


Annual freshwater withdrawals, domestic (% of total freshwater withdrawal)

Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for domestic uses include drinking water, municipal use or supply, and use for public services, commercial establishments, and homes. Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002.


Annual freshwater withdrawals, industry (% of total freshwater withdrawal)

Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for industry are total withdrawals for direct industrial use (including withdrawals for cooling thermoelectric plants). Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002.


Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources

The level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources is the ratio between total freshwater withdrawn by all major sectors and total renewable freshwater resources, after taking into account environmental water requirements. Main sectors, as defined by ISIC standards, include agriculture; forestry and fishing; manufacturing; electricity industry; and services. This indicator is also known as water withdrawal intensity.


Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (billion cubic meters)

Annual freshwater withdrawals refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. Withdrawals for agriculture and industry are total withdrawals for irrigation and livestock production and for direct industrial use (including withdrawals for cooling thermoelectric plants). Withdrawals for domestic uses include drinking water, municipal use or supply, and use for public services, commercial establishments, and homes. Data are for the most recent year available for 1987-2002.


Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (% of internal resources)


Renewable internal freshwater resources, total (billion cubic meters)

Renewable internal freshwater resources flows refer to internal renewable resources (internal river flows and groundwater from rainfall) in the country.


Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita (cubic meters)

Renewable internal freshwater resources flows refer to internal renewable resources (internal river flows and groundwater from rainfall) in the country. Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita are calculated using the World Bank's population estimates.


Terrestrial protected areas  (sq. km)

Nationally protected areas are totally or partially protected areas of at least 1,000 hectares that are designated as scientific reserves with limited public access, national parks, natural monuments, nature reserves or wildlife sanctuaries, protected landscapes, and areas managed mainly for sustainable use. Marine areas, unclassified areas, and litoral (intertidal) areas are not included. The data also do not include sites protected under local or provincial law.

United Nations Environmental Program and the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, as compiled by the World Resources Institute, based on data from national authorities, national legislation and international agreements.


Terrestrial protected areas (% of total surface area)


Terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area)

Terrestrial protected areas are totally or partially protected areas of at least 1,000 hectares that are designated by national authorities as scientific reserves with limited public access, national parks, natural monuments, nature reserves or wildlife sanctuaries, protected landscapes, and areas managed mainly for sustainable use. Marine areas, unclassified areas, littoral (intertidal) areas, and sites protected under local or provincial law are excluded.

World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) where the compilation and management is carried out by United Nations Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) in collaboration with governments, non-governmental organizations, academia and industry. The data is available online through the Protected Planet website (https://www.protectedplanet.net/).


Marine protected areas (sq. km)

Marine protected areas are areas of intertidal or subtidal terrain--and overlying water and associated flora and fauna and historical and cultural features--that have been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment.


Marine protected areas (% of territorial waters)


Terrestrial and marine protected areas (% of total territorial area)

Terrestrial protected areas are totally or partially protected areas of at least 1,000 hectares that are designated by national authorities as scientific reserves with limited public access, national parks, natural monuments, nature reserves or wildlife sanctuaries, protected landscapes, and areas managed mainly for sustainable use. Marine protected areas are areas of intertidal or subtidal terrain--and overlying water and associated flora and fauna and historical and cultural features--that have been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment. Sites protected under local or provincial law are excluded.


Energy imports, net (% of commercial energy use)


GDP per unit of energy use (1987 US$ per kg of oil equivalent)


Commercial energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita)


Commercial energy use (kt of oil equivalent)


Banking assets held by foreign-owned banks (% of total banking assets)


Loan accounts, commercial banks (per 1,000 adults)

Loan accounts at commercial banks include loans from banks to individuals, businesses, and others, including home mortgages, consumer loans, business loans, trade loans, student loans, emergency loans, agricultural loans, and the like. Commercial banks are banks with a full banking license. In some countries, the term "universal banks" or other terms may be used. Majority government- and state-owned banks are included in this category to the extent that they perform a broad set of retail banking functions and are regulated and supervised in the same manner as privately owned banks.

Consultative Group to Assist the Poor and the World Bank Group’s "Financial Access 2010."


Loan accounts, cooperatives (per 1,000 adults)

Cooperatives, credit unions, and mutuals are financial institutions that are owned and controlled by their members (customers), regardless of whether they do business exclusively with their members or with members and nonmembers.


Loan accounts, microfinance institutions (per 1,000 adults)

Microfinance institutions are institutions whose primary business model is to lend to (and possibly take deposits from) the poor, often using specialized methodologies such as group lending. The data collected using this institutional classification necessarily understate the scale of microfinance because many banks, cooperatives, and specialized state-owned institutions provide microfinance services as part of their activities.


Loan accounts, specialized state financial institutions (per 1,000 adults)

Specialized state-owned financial institutions are extensions of the government whose main purpose is to lend support to economic development and/or to provide savings, payment, and deposit services to the public. They include postal banks, government savings banks, SME lending facilities, agriculture banks, and development banks.


Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%)

Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans are the value of nonperforming loans divided by the total value of the loan portfolio (including nonperforming loans before the deduction of specific loan-loss provisions). The loan amount recorded as nonperforming should be the gross value of the loan as recorded on the balance sheet, not just the amount that is overdue.

International Monetary Fund, Financial Soundness Indicators.


Banking assets held by government-owned banks (% of total banking assets)


Automated teller machines (ATMs) (per 100,000 adults)

Automated teller machines are computerized telecommunications devices that provide clients of a financial institution with access to financial transactions in a public place.

International Monetary Fund, Financial Access Survey.


Branches, commercial banks (per 100,000 adults)

Commercial bank branches are retail locations offering a wide array of face-to-face and automated financial services. Commercial banks are banks with a full banking license. In some countries, the term "universal banks" or other terms may be used. Majority government- and state-owned banks are included in this category to the extent that they perform a broad set of retail banking functions and are regulated and supervised in the same manner as privately owned banks.


Branches, cooperatives (per 100,000 adults)


Branches, microfinance institutions (per 100,000 adults)


Branches, specialized state financial institutions (per 100,000 adults)


Bank capital to assets ratio (%)

Bank capital to assets is the ratio of bank capital and reserves to total assets. Capital and reserves include funds contributed by owners, retained earnings, general and special reserves, provisions, and valuation adjustments. Capital includes tier 1 capital (paid-up shares and common stock), which is a common feature in all countries' banking systems, and total regulatory capital, which includes several specified types of subordinated debt instruments that need not be repaid if the funds are required to maintain minimum capital levels (these comprise tier 2 and tier 3 capital). Total assets include all nonfinancial and financial assets.


656_Does a dedicated, national, multi-stakeholder structure exist to promote and coordinate provision of financial education?_#VHQB_00

Global Financial Inclusion and Consumer Protection Survey


660_Does government, industry, and NGOs participate in the multi-stakeholder structure to promote and coordinate financial education?


659_Does government and industry only participate in the multi-stakeholder structure to promote and coordinate financial education?


657_Does government participate in the multi-stakeholder structure to promote and coordinate financial education?


658_Does industry only participate in the multi-stakeholder structure to promote and coordinate financial education?


661_Does government, industry, or NGOs participate in the multi-stakeholder structure to promote and coordinate financial education?_#VHQC_00

Global Financial Inclusion and Consumer Protection Survey (Internal)


655_Are there multiple agencies responsible for financial education policy and programs?_#VHQA_01


654_Is there a single agency responsible for financial education policy and programs?_#VHQA_00


653_Does this country have a formal definition for financial education or financial literacy or financial capability? _#VHPA_00


685_Does the government itself or with partners maintain a website with educational content, tools, and resources for broader financial education?_#VHXA_01


674_Is financial education integrated into any government-provided social assistance programs? _#VHVA_00


669_Has the government issued written guidelines directed to all providers of financial education on content and/or methodology?


668_Has the government issued written guidelines directed to a limited set of providers of financial education on content and/or methodology?


670_Has the government issued written guidelines directed to all, some, or none of the providers of financial education on content and/or methodology?_#VHUA_00


662_Has the government, either by itself or with partners, undertaken a national mapping of financial education activities in the past five years? _#VHRA_00


667_Has a nationally representative broader survey with a component on financial capability of individuals or households been conducted in the past five years?_#VHTA_01


666_Has a nationally representative dedicated survey of financial capability of individuals or households been conducted in the past five years?_#VHTA_00


678_Is financial education at the stage of curriculum development planned within the next 1-2 years within public school curriculums?_#VHWA_03


675_Is financial education included in public school curriculums as a distinct topic or subject?_#VHWA_00


677_Is financial education at the stage of implementation planned within the next 1-2 years within public school curriculums?_#VHWA_02


681_Is financial education currently or soon to be included as a topic in public school curriculums at junior secondary level?_#VHWB_01


679_Is financial education at the stage of not being included in public school curriculums?_#VHWA_04


680_Is financial education currently or soon to be included as a topic in public school curriculums at primary level?_#VHWB_00


682_Is financial education currently or soon to be included as a topic in public school curriculums at senior secondary level?_#VHWB_02


676_Is financial education included in public school curriculums as a subtopic integrated into one or multiple other topics or subjects?_#VHWA_01


683_Is financial education currently or soon to be included as a topic in public school curriculums at university level?_#VHWB_03


684_Does the government itself or with partners maintain a website to disclose pricing and terms and conditions information?_#VHXA_00


672_Does the government explicitly require all financial service providers to offer financial education?


671_Does the government explicitly require a limited set of financial service providers to offer financial education?


673_Does the government explicitly require all, some, or none of the financial service providers to offer financial education?_#VHUB_00


664_Does the government regularly collect data from all known providers of financial education on the reach of their programs?


663_Does the government regularly collect data from a limited set of providers of financial education on the reach of their programs?


665_Does the government regularly collect data from all, some, or none of the known providers of financial education on the reach of their programs?_#VHSA_00


Commercial bank branches (per 100,000 adults)

Commercial bank branches are retail locations of resident commercial banks and other resident banks that function as commercial banks that provide financial services to customers and are physically separated from the main office but not organized as legally separated subsidiaries.


Borrowers from commercial banks (per 1,000 adults)

Borrowers from commercial banks are the reported number of resident customers that are nonfinancial corporations (public and private) and households who obtained loans from commercial banks and other banks functioning as commercial banks. For many countries data cover the total number of loan accounts due to lack of information on loan account holders.


Depositors with commercial banks (per 1,000 adults)

Depositors with commercial banks are the reported number of deposit account holders at commercial banks and other resident banks functioning as commercial banks that are resident nonfinancial corporations (public and private) and households. For many countries data cover the total number of deposit accounts due to lack of information on account holders. The major types of deposits are checking accounts, savings accounts, and time deposits.


Deposit insurance coverage (% of GDP per capita)


593_Do laws and regulations allow consumers a cooling-off period during which they can withdraw from a product or service without a penalty?_#VHHA_02


583_Do laws and regulations require assessment of borrower's ability to repay, without specific borrowing limits?_#VHFA_01


582_Do laws and regulations set explicit limits on excessive borrowing?_#VHFA_00


585_Do laws and regulations contain no provisions to restrict excessive borrowing?_#VHFA_03


584_Do laws and regulations set other restrictions on excessive borrowing?_#VHFA_02


600_Are financial institutions required to have a minimum level of professional competence/training for agents and intermediaries?_#VHIB_04


595_Are financial institutions required to have a minimum level of professional competence/training for all relevant personnel dealing with consumers?_#VHIA_00


599_Are financial institutions required to have a minimum level of professional competence/training for complaints officers?_#VHIB_03


596_Are financial institutions required to have a minimum level of professional competence/training for credit officers?_#VHIB_00


601_Are financial institutions required to have a minimum level of professional competence/training for customer service representatives?_#VHIB_05


598_Are financial institutions required to have a minimum level of professional competence/training for marketing staff?_#VHIB_02


597_Are financial institutions required to have a minimum level of professional competence/training for recovery officers?_#VHIB_01


602_Do laws or regulations require minimum standards for debt collection practices?_#VHJA_00


590_Do laws and regulations prohibit or restrict bundling and tying services and products in a manner that unduly restricts the choice of consumers?_#VHGA_04


589_Do laws and regulations prohibit or restrict discriminating consumers based on gender, ethnicity, faith, political affiliation, or appearance?  _#VHGA_03


591_Do laws and regulations limit fees and charges for account closure that impede customer mobility between financial institutions?_#VHHA_00


594_Do laws and regulations limit early repayment penalties that impede customer mobility between financial institutions?_#VHHA_03


592_Do laws and regulations prohibit extra burdening procedures for account closure that limit customer mobility between financial institutions?_#VHHA_01


588_Do laws and regulations prohibit or restrict the use in consumer agreements of any term or condition that excludes or restricts the right of the consumer?  _#VHGA_02


587_Do laws and regulations prohibit or restrict the use in consumer agreements of any term or condition that excludes or restricts the liability of the financial service provider?  _#VHGA_01


586_Do laws and regulations prohibit or restrict the use in consumer agreements of any term or condition that is unfair, excessively unbalanced or abusive?  _#VHGA_00


629_Does the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity analyze the complaints data to identify trends?_#VHMF_01


619_Does the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity also cover non-financial services? _#VHMB_01


612_Is there an out-of-court alternative dispute resolution (ADR) scheme that provides both binding decisions and mediation services?_#VHLA_01


613_Is there an out-of-court alternative dispute resolution (ADR) scheme that provides binding decisions only?_#VHLA_02


627_Does the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity require that consumers first submit their complaints to the relevant financial institution?_#VHME_00


630_Does the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity communicate complaint trends to the regulator?_#VHMF_02


628_Does the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity maintain a database of registered/recorded complaints?_#VHMF_00


623_Is the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity funded from the budget of a specific government agency?_#VHMD_01


626_Is the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity funded by a combination of government and other sources?_#VHMD_04


622_Is the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity funded from a budget allocated by the central government?_#VHMD_00


624_Is the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity funded by a financial industry association?_#VHMD_02


625_Is the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity funded by direct contributions of its members?_#VHMD_03


618_Does the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity focus only on financial services?_#VHMB_00


639_Are agents among the top-three issues complained about to the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity?_#VHNA_06


638_Are ATM transactions among the top-three issues complained about to the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity?_#VHNA_05


637_Is bundling or tying of products among the top-three issues complained about to the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity?_#VHNA_04


649_Are current accounts among the top-three products complained about to the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity?_#VHOA_06


643_Are credit cards among the top-three products complained about to the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity?_#VHOA_00


646_Are consumer loans among the top-three products complained about to the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity?_#VHOA_03


648_Are deposit accounts among the top-three products complained about to the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity?_#VHOA_05


644_Are debit cards among the top-three products complained about to the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity?_#VHOA_01


634_Are excessive interest or fees among the top-three issues complained about to the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity?_#VHNA_01


652_Are e-money products among the top-three products complained about to the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity?_#VHOA_09


635_Is fraud among the top-three issues complained about to the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity?_#VHNA_02


645_Are mortgage or housing loans among the top-three products complained about to the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity?_#VHOA_02


650_Is life insurance among the top-three products complained about to the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity?_#VHOA_07


647_Are micro loans among the top-three products complained about to the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity?_#VHOA_04


651_Is non-life insurance among the top-three products complained about to the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity?_#VHOA_08


642_Are other issues among the top-three issues complained about to the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity?_#VHNA_09


641_Is product switching or closure among the top-three issues complained about to the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity?_#VHNA_08


633_Are unclear interest or fees among the top three issues complained about to the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity?_#VHNA_00


640_Are unpaid insurance claims among the top-three issues complained about to the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity?_#VHNA_07


636_Are mistaken or unauthorized transactions among the top-three issues complained about to the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity?_#VHNA_03


621_Is the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity independent from the financial sector regulator?_#VHMC_01


617_Is the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity a mandatory, industry-based entity?_#VHMA_02


614_Is there an out-of-court alternative dispute resolution (ADR) scheme that provides mediation services only?_#VHLA_03


631_Does the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity regularly publish complaint statistics?_#VHMF_03


632_Does the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity report complaint statistics to the regulator?_#VHMF_04


611_Is there an out-of-court alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity that provides consumers of financial services affordable and efficient recourse with a third party?_#VHLA_00


615_Is the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity a statutory entity?_#VHMA_00


616_Is the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity a voluntary, industry-based entity?_#VHMA_01


620_Is the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) entity established within the financial sector regulator?_#VHMC_00


607_Do laws or regulations set standards for accessibility in resolving customer complaints? _#VHKB_03


605_Do laws or regulations require financial institutions to have a designated office or unit for resolving customer complaints? _#VHKB_01


610_Do laws or regulations set standards for providing consumers the details of a relevant external dispute resolution mechanism (if any)? _#VHKB_06


604_Do laws or regulations require implementing procedures and processes to resolve customer complaints? _#VHKB_00


609_Do laws or regulations set standards for reporting complaints data to a government agency? _#VHKB_05


608_Do laws or regulations set standards for record-keeping of customer complaints? _#VHKB_04


603_Do laws or regulations set standards for complaints resolution and handling by financial institutions? _#VHKA_00


606_Do laws or regulations set standards for timeliness of response to customer complaints by financial institutions? _#VHKB_02


407_Do disclosure requirements for commercial banks include any form requirements?_#VGYA_02


406_Do disclosure requirements for commercial banks include a local language requirement?_#VGYA_01


405_Do disclosure requirements for commercial banks include a plain language requirement?_#VGYA_00


408_Do disclosure requirements for commercial banks include information on recourse rights and processes?_#VGYA_03


338_Are commercial banks required to provide customers with specific types of product information at the advertisement stage?_#VGWA_00


341_Are commercial banks required to provide customers with specific types of product information at the contractual stage?_#VGWA_03


340_Are commercial banks required to provide customers with specific types of product information at the precontractual stage?_#VGWA_02


339_Are commercial banks required to provide customers with specific types of product information at the shopping stage?_#VGWA_01


342_Are commercial banks required to provide customers with specific types of product information upon request?_#VGWA_04


432_Are commercial banks required to disclose account closure fees at the shopping and/or pre-contractual stage?_#VGZA_03


461_Are commercial banks required to disclose computation method at the shopping and/or pre-contractual stage?_#VHAA_02


433_Are commercial banks required to disclose deposit insurance coverage availability at the shopping and/or pre-contractual stage?_#VGZA_04


459_Are commercial banks required to disclose effective interest rate at the shopping and/or pre-contractual stage?_#VHAA_00


460_Are commercial banks required to disclose fees and penalties at the shopping and/or pre-contractual stage?_#VHAA_01


429_Are commercial banks required to disclose minimum balance requirements at the shopping and/or pre-contractual stage?_#VGZA_00


431_Are commercial banks required to disclose account maintenance fee at the shopping and/or pre-contractual stage?_#VGZA_02


430_Are commercial banks required to disclose account opening fee at the shopping and/or pre-contractual stage?_#VGZA_01


462_Are commercial banks required to disclose required insurance at the shopping and/or pre-contractual stage?_#VHAA_03


463_Are commercial banks required to disclose specific warnings at the shopping and/or pre-contractual stage?_#VHAA_04


398_Are commercial banks required to provide customers with specific types of product information in a standardized format at any stage?_#VGXG_00


334_Does the financial consumer protection (FCP) agency have enforcement powers to impose fines and penalties?_#VGVB_03


335_Does the financial consumer protection (FCP) agency have enforcement powers to issue public notice of violations?_#VGVB_04


337_Does the financial consumer protection (FCP) agency have enforcement powers to issue administrative sanctions to senior management?_#VGVB_06


331_Does the financial consumer protection (FCP) agency have enforcement powers to issue warnings to financial institutions?_#VGVB_00


332_Does the financial consumer protection (FCP) agency have enforcement powers to require providers to refund fees and charges?_#VGVB_01


336_Does the financial consumer protection (FCP) agency have enforcement powers to revoke or recommend to revoke license?_#VGVB_05


333_Does the financial consumer protection (FCP) agency have enforcement powers to require providers to withdraw misleading advertisements?_#VGVB_02


313_Was the financial consumer protection (FCP) unit in this country established after the year 2010?


311_Was the financial consumer protection (FCP) unit in this country established before the year 2000?


312_Was the financial consumer protection (FCP) unit in this country established between the years 2000 and 2010?


314_When was the financial consumer protection (FCP) unit in this country established?_#VGUF_00


400_Are financial cooperatives required to provide customers with specific types of product information in a standardized format at any stage?_#VGXG_02


402_Are microcredit institutions (MCIs) required to provide customers with specific types of product information in a standardized format at any stage?_#VGXG_04


403_Are non-bank e-money issuers (NBEIs) required to provide customers with specific types of product information in a standardized format at any stage?_#VGXG_05


317_Does the financial consumer protection (FCP) unit in this country have the staff of between 50 and 99 people?


316_Does the financial consumer protection (FCP) unit in this country have the staff of between 10 and 49 people?


319_How many staff work in the financial consumer protection (FCP) unit in this country?_#VGUG_00


315_Does the financial consumer protection (FCP) unit in this country have the staff of less than 10 people?


318_Does the financial consumer protection (FCP) unit in this country have the staff of 100 or more people?


399_Are other banks required to provide customers with specific types of product information in a standardized format at any stage?_#VGXG_01


401_Are other deposit taking institutions (ODTIs) required to provide customers with specific types of product information in a standardized format at any stage?_#VGXG_03


321_Is complaints handling one of the main activities of the financial consumer protection (FCP) unit?_#VGVA_01


328_Are off-site inspection of financial institutions one of the main activities of the financial consumer protection (FCP) unit?_#VGVA_08


330_Is financial education one of the main activities of the financial consumer protection (FCP) unit?_#VGVA_10


327_Are on-site inspection and investigation of financial institutions one of the main activities of the financial consumer protection (FCP) unit?_#VGVA_07


320_Is drafting or providing inputs into regulation one of the main activities of the financial consumer protection (FCP) unit?_#VGVA_00


325_Is market monitoring one of the main activities of the financial consumer protection (FCP) unit?_#VGVA_05


326_Is market research by studying consumer behavior one of the main activities of the financial consumer protection (FCP) unit?_#VGVA_06


324_Is mystery/incognito shopping one of the main activities of the financial consumer protection (FCP) unit?_#VGVA_04


322_Is collecting data from financial institutions on the number of complaints received one of the main activities of the financial consumer protection (FCP) unit?_#VGVA_02


323_Is collecting data from financial institutions on the rates and fees for financial services one of the main activities of the financial consumer protection (FCP) unit?_#VGVA_03


329_Are thematic reviews one of the main activities of the financial consumer protection (FCP) unit?_#VGVA_09


404_Are at least some financial institutions required to provide customers with specific types of product information in a standardized format?_#VGXH_00


302_In terms of institutional structure for financial consumer protection (FCP) regulation and supervision, does this country have a dedicated financial consumer protection authority model?


303_In terms of institutional structure for financial consumer protection (FCP) regulation and supervision, does this country have a general consumer protection authority model?


300_In terms of institutional structure for financial consumer protection (FCP) regulation and supervision, does this country have an integrated single financial sector authority model?


301_In terms of institutional structure for financial consumer protection (FCP) regulation and supervision, does this country have an integrated sectoral financial sector authority model?


304_In terms of institutional structure for financial consumer protection (FCP) regulation and supervision, does this country have a shared financial and general consumer protection authority model?


305_What type of institutional structure for financial consumer protection (FCP) regulation and supervision is implemented in this country?_#VGUC_00


306_Under the agency overseeing financial consumer protection (FCP) in this country, is there a dedicated FCP unit?_#VGUD_00


295_Is there a stand-alone financial consumer protection law in place?_#VGUA_02


299_Are consumer protection provisions in place within broader financial sector regulations?_#VGUB_01


294_Is there a general consumer protection law with explicit reference to financial services in place?_#VGUA_01


293_Is there a general consumer protection law without explicit reference to financial services in place?_#VGUA_00


297_Is there no legal framework for financial consumer protection in this country?_#VGUA_04


298_Are stand-alone financial consumer protection (FCP) regulations in place?_#VGUB_00


296_Are there consumer protection provisions in place within broader financial sector laws?_#VGUA_03


Financial information infrastructure index (0=less developed to 10=more developed)


287_Is the ceiling on the minimum balance for savings/current accounts regulated in this country?_#VGTA_01


288_Are the maximum maintenance fees for savings/current accounts regulated in this country?_#VGTA_02


289_Are the maximum overdraft penalty or below minimum balance penalty regulated in this country?_#VGTA_03


286_Is the maximum cost to open a savings/current account regulated in this country?_#VGTA_00


292_Is there no cost for customers to open a savings/current account as per regulation in this country?_#VGTA_06


291_Is there no law or regulation regarding the cost of customer accounts in this country?_#VGTA_05


290_Are other factors in the cost of customer accounts regulated in this country?_#VGTA_04


231_Are non-bank e-money issuers (NBEIs) permitted to pay interest on customers' e-money accounts?_#VGOA_00


233_Are non-bank e-money issuers (NBEIs) not permitted to pay interest or share profits with their e-money customers?_#VGOA_02


230_Are non-bank e-money issuers (NBEIs) prohibited from using customer funds for purposes other than redeeming e-money and executing fund transfers?_#VGNA_00


232_Are non-bank e-money issuers (NBEIs) permitted to share profits with their e-money customers?_#VGOA_01


227_Is the use of accounts at the central bank required to safeguard e-money funds?_#VGMA_03


225_Is the use of escrow accounts required to safeguard e-money funds?_#VGMA_01


228_Is the type of accounts to safeguard e-money funds not defined?_#VGMA_04


229_Is some other type of accounts (not mentioned above) required to safeguard e-money funds?_#VGMA_05


226_Is the use of regular accounts required to safeguard e-money funds?_#VGMA_02


224_Is the use of trust accounts required to safeguard e-money funds?_#VGMA_00


220_Are 100% of customers' e-money funds required to be separated from e-money issuer's funds and kept at more than one prudentially regulated financial institution, possibly the central bank and others?


219_Are 100% of customers' e-money funds required to be separated from e-money issuer's funds and kept at a single prudentially regulated financial institution, possibly the central bank?


222_Is it not required that customers' e-money funds are separated from e-money issuer's funds?


221_Is only a fraction of customers' e-money funds required to be separated from e-money issuer's funds and kept at one or more prudentially regulated financial institutions, possibly the central bank and others?


223_What fraction of customers' e-money funds is required to be separated from e-money issuer's funds and kept at how many prudentially regulated financial institutions?_#VGLA_00


192_For commercial banks, is authorization of new or modified financial products always explicitly required?


194_For commercial banks, is authorization of new or modified financial products never explicitly required?


193_For commercial banks, is authorization of new or modified financial products only in some cases explicitly required?


195_For commercial banks, is authorization of new or modified financial products explicitly required?_#VGJA_00


266_For commercial banks, are there simplifications or exceptions to the documentation requirements for some types of applicants or deposit account products?_#VGRA_00


162_Are commercial banks required to check/report to credit bureau for some/all loans?_#VGHA_00


168_For commercial banks, is all lending subject to interest rate caps or pricing limits?


169_For commercial banks, are there no interest rate caps or pricing limits?


170_For commercial banks, are there some interest rate caps or pricing limits that apply to certain products or segments?


171_For commercial banks, is all, some, or no lending subject to interest rate caps or pricing limits?_#VGIA_00


271_Are commercial banks allowed to implement non-face-to-face customer due diligence (CDD) under the risk-based approach to AML/CFT regulation?_#VGSA_01


270_Are commercial banks allowed to accept non-standard id documents under the risk-based approach to AML/CFT regulation?_#VGSA_00