The Regulator may, having regard to its objectives under section 12 of the Act of 2002 and Regulation 16 and its functions under the Specific Regulations, lay down rules in order to prevent spectrum hoarding, in particular by setting out strict deadlines for the effective exploitation of the rights of use by the holder of rights and by withdrawing the rights of use in cases of non-compliance with the deadlines. Any rules laid down under this paragraph shall be applied in a proportionate, non-discriminatory and transparent manner.