For the identification of SPEs, in principle all criteria mentioned in BMD4 (Box 7.1, p.188) apply. However, since in Switzerland direct investment is surveyed at the group level, the identification of SPEs is not always possible. If an SPE is part of a group to which other companies with significant domestic economic activity belong, the SPE cannot be surveyed individually. In such cases, direct investment by the SPE will be included under the industry to which the group controlling the SPE belongs.