Maritime cabotage is reserved to national flag carriers. In order to fly the national flag the vessel must be owned by an Egyptian national or by a legal person established in Egypt. In the case of partial ownership, the majority of the shares of the company owning the vessel must be owned by Egyptian nationals or by a business established in Egypt (but the law does not impose limit on foreign shareholding). In turn, foreign investment in maritime shipping agency companies in permitted only in the form of joint-venture companies in which foreign equity does not exceed 49%. However, this requirement may be lifted for maritime transport companies that exercise a real investment activity in Egypt, own at least one Egyptian-flagged vessel and for whom shipping agency activities are only a partial activity to serve its own vessels (Egyptian or foreign). As further summarised by WTO (2018): "4.177. In accordance with Law No. 1/1998, the private sector (foreign or domestic) faces no restrictions for the exercise of onshore maritime transport activities and maritime auxiliary services (except for maritime agencies services).
4.178. There are no foreign ownership restrictions for cargo handing/maritime terminal activities or for specialized ports. The only conditions that must be met are registration in the Egyptian Commercial Register and that the percentage of national maritime labour be no less than 90%. [...]".
"Natural or legal persons may engage in maritime transport, loading and unloading, maritime agency, ship catering, repair and maintenance, maritime supplies and other activities related to maritime transport to be specified by a decision of the Minister of Transport and Communications with a license issued by him.
The consideration for the use of the license to carry out the business referred to in the previous paragraph shall be determined with the approval of the Prime Minister based on the proposal of the Minister of Transport and Communications.[...]" (Law No. 12 of 1964: Establishing the Egyptian General Organization for Maritime Transport [google translation])
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"Article 5
Without prejudice to the provisions stipulated in special laws, the ship acquires the Egyptian nationality if it is registered in one of its ports, and it is owned by a natural or legal person enjoying this nationality.
Article 6
(1) Every Egyptian ship shall fly the flag of the Arab Republic of Egypt, and it is not permissible to raise another flag except in cases where maritime custom is based on that.
[...]
Article 7
(1) Foreigners residing in the Arab Republic of Egypt must obtain a license from the competent administrative authority in the event of using the pleasure ships owned by them in the Egyptian territorial waters, and request their registration in the relevant register. The license shall be canceled if the ship is used for purposes other than the picnic, and the registration office shall be notified of this in order to cancel the registration.
Article 8
(1) It is not permissible for ships other than those of Egyptian nationality to fish, tow , or pilot in the territorial waters, nor to coastal navigation between Egyptian ports.
(2) It is permissible, by a decision of the competent minister, to license ships of foreign nationality to carry out one or more of the works mentioned in the preceding paragraph, for a specified period of time. (3) And whoever violates the provisions of this article shall be punished by imprisonment and a fine not exceeding five thousand pounds, or by one of these two penalties.
[...]
Article 23
(1) Every owner in the community has the right to dispose of his share without the consent of the other owners, unless the disposal would result in the ship losing the Egyptian nationality, in which case all the owners must agree to it.
(2) However, the owner may not mortgage his share in the ship except with the approval of the owners who own at least three quarters of the shares.
(3) The owner who disposed of his share shall remain liable for the debts relating to the communal until the date of the disposition is published in the ship's record sheet.[...]" (Law No. 8 of 1990: Issuing the Maritime Trade Law, as amended [google translation])
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"Terms and Conditions - Related to Shipping agency Activity and License Utility Fees
Article (8)
Subject to the provisions of Chapter One of this Regulation, the license to engage in the shipping agency activity in Ports shall be permitted on the following conditions: 
1- The Shipping agent shall have an administrative and professional structure of the highest standards of professional experience, a permanent headquarters of the company in the Arab Republic of Egypt, [...]
2- The issued capital shall not be less than the following amounts: [...]
2-5 The share of the Egyptian partner in the capital referred to in the preceding paragraphs shall not be less than 51% for the joint venture companies which exercise the activity of shipping agency as a main activity. The maritime transport companies practicing tangible investment activity in Egypt; shall be exempted from that stipulation - as long as it owns at least one vessel flying the Egyptian flag and does not practice shipping agency except as a subsidiary activity for serving its own interests. 
In that case the licensed shipping agency activity shall be exclusively serving its owned vessels (Egyptian or Foreign) provided that the following standards are taken into consideration:
2-5-1 It is a joint stock company.
2-5-2 The share of the Egyptian partner in the capital is sustained. In case the Egyptian partner exits the company or the vessel flying the Egyptian flag is sold, an Egyptian partner with the same share in the capital or more has to come into the company or the vessel has to be replaced by another flying the Egyptian flag with the same total gross tonnage or more for the license to remain valid.[...]" (Decree No. 800 of 2016: Regulation Organizing Maritime Transport Related Activities and Undertakings)
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"Article 1
The phrase “coastal maritime transport” in this law means maritime transport or towing between two or more ports of the United Arab Republic, as well as the operation of marine units within the ports.
Article 2
Coastal maritime transport is limited to ships registered under the flag of the Arab Republic.
The General Authority for Maritime Transport may, with the approval of the Ministry of War, authorize transportation for foreign ships.
It is not permissible for any marine unit to operate within the ports of the Republic unless it is all owned by a person who enjoys the nationality of the United Arab Republic.
Article 3
Foreign ships may sail between the ports of the Republic to take passengers or goods at foreign ports or to disembark passengers or goods imported from foreign ports.[...]" (Law No. 63 of 1961: Concerning Coastal Maritime Transport [google translation])
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"Article 1
No ship may sail under the Egyptian flag unless it is registered in accordance with the provisions of this law.
Sailing ships designated for fishing and pleasure yachts whose total tonnage does not exceed ten tons and which usually do not sail for a distance of more than twelve nautical miles from the shore, as well as “barges” , “barges”, “barges”, “boats” and “tugs” are exempted from registration. And “boats”, “dredging”, “submersible boats” and other floating installations that usually operate inside the port.
Nevertheless, these ships or facilities may be registered if their owners so request.
[...]
The Department of Ports and Lighthouses cancels the ship’s registration in the event that the requirements of Egyptian nationality that must be met by sailors,
navigation officers, marine engineers, and the captain, or the requirements for marine students, are not observed.
These conditions are determined by a decision of the Minister of Transport. [...]" (Law No. 84 of 1949: Concerning the Registration of Commercial Vessels, as amended [google translation])
Law No. 12 of 1964: Establishing the Egyptian General Organization for Maritime Transport [google translation]
Law No. 8 of 1990: Issuing the Maritime Trade Law, as amended [google translation]
Decree No. 800 of 2016: Regulation Organizing Maritime Transport Related Activities and Undertakings
Law No. 63 of 1961: Concerning Coastal Maritime Transport [google translation]
Law No. 84 of 1949: Concerning the Registration of Commercial Vessels, as amended [google translation]
[<a href="https://elpai.idsc.gov.eg/Legislations/Item/92252">Law</a>],[<a href="https://elpai.idsc.gov.eg/Legislations/Item/167613">Law</a>],[<a href="https://www.mts.gov.eg/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/800-3.pdf">Decree</a>],[<a href="https://elpai.idsc.gov.eg/Legislations/Item/91807">Law</a>],[<a href="https://elpai.idsc.gov.eg/Legislations/Item/91214">Law</a>],[<a href="https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/TPR/S367R1.pdf&Open=True">Other</a>]