Licences to operate commercial air transport are only granted to companies majority controlled by Turkish nationals. Cabotage is reserved to national aircraft, which are defined as aircraft owned by associations or companies formed in accordance with Turkish laws and regulations, with the voting majority held by partners of Turkish nationality.
"Article 18 – It is a prerequisite for real and legal persons to obtain permission from the Ministry of Transport for commercial purposes, in order to carry passengers or cargo or passengers and cargo by aircraft in return for a fee, and to carry out other activities for commercial purposes.
[...]
Article 31 – Passenger, mail and cargo transports for commercial purposes between two points within the country of the Republic of Turkey are carried out by Turkish aircraft.
[...]
Article 49 – A civil aircraft is also considered a Turkish civil aircraft in the following cases.
Established in accordance with Turkish laws;
a) Aircraft owned by professional organizations, associations, political parties, trade unions or foundations in the nature of public institutions, majority of persons constituting the administrative body are Turkish citizens,
b) Aircraft owned by commercial companies, cooperatives and their unions registered in the Turkish Commercial Registry, majority of those authorized to manage and represent the company are Turkish citizens and the majority of votes are held by Turkish shareholders according to the company's articles of association.[...]" (Civil Aviation Law (No. 2920 of 1983), last amended on 22.2.2019, Articles 18, 31 and 49 [google translation])
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"ARTICLE 9 – (1) Companies that will operate commercial air transport;
a) At least 51% of its shares are registered,
b) The majority shares and the members of the board of directors and the majority of the voting rights and the control are held by the stakeholders who are citizens of the Republic of Turkey, [...]
(2) It is not required that 51% of the shares of the companies that will carry out public commercial air transportation traded in BI or on international stock exchanges are registered. However, it is obligatory that the majority of the registered shares, excluding the shares traded in BI or on international stock exchanges, belong to the shareholders who are citizens of the Republic of Turkey, and that the majority of the persons authorized to represent and manage the enterprise must be citizens of the Republic of Turkey. [...]" (Regulation of Commercial Air Transport Operations (16.11.2013), last amended on 6.1.2021, Article 9 [google translation])
Civil Aviation Law (No. 2920 of 1983), last amended on 22.2.2019, Articles 18, 31 and 49
Regulation of Commercial Air Transport Operations (16.11.2013), last amended on 6.1.2021, Article 9
[<a href="https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=2920&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5">Law</a>],[<a href="https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=19025&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip=5">Reg</a>]